Bypassing Principle

The principle of bypassing is that when a portion of a hot gas stream is bypassed around 

when the bypassed portion and the cooled portion are recombined (Fig. 22.1), the product gas stream is  

Most acid plant heat transfer devices are provided with bypass capability, Fig. 22.2. 

The objective of this chapter is to show how bypassing can be used to adjust the temperatures of acid plant gases. It examines  

Both calculations also estimate the fraction of economizer input gas that must be bypassed around the economizer to achieve a specified output gas temperature. 

The principle of bypassing is that when a portion of a hot gas stream is bypassed around a gas cooling device (e.g.. Fig. 21.1 s economizer)  

---

Galletti, P. M., Mora, C. T., Cardiopulmonary bypass The historical foundation, the future promise, Chap. 1 in Mora C. T. (ed.). Cardiopulmonary bypass Principles and techniques of extracorporeal circulation, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 3-18. 

High, K.M., Bashein, G., Kurusz, M. Principles of oxygenator funetion gas exchange, heat transfer, and operation, in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Principles and Practice, Second Edition (Gravlee, G.P., Davis, R.F., Kurusz, M., Utley, J.R., eds.), Lippincott, Williams, WiUdns, Philadelphia, 2000, Chpt4, p 49. 

Figure 11.18 (a) Generation of the abrasive water suspension jet - bypass principle [39]. 

Stammers, A.H. and Trowbridge, C.C. 2007. Principles of oxygenator function Cas exchange, heat transfer, and operation. In Cardiopulmonary Bypass Principles and Practice, 3rd edition ed. C.P. Cravlee, R.E Davis, A.H. Stammers, R.S. Ungerleider. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, New York. 

Electronic ratio controller. In this type of controller, a proportion of both gas and air is diverted through a bypass in which a thermistor sensor measures the flow. The air and gas flows can be compared and the ratio calculated and displayed. A ratio control valve in the air or gas supply, depending on whether the mode of operation is gas- or air-led, will automatically restore a deviation from the pre-set ratio. The electronic controller maintains ratio over a 19 1 turndown. The principle of operation is based on mass flow, so that it can be used with preheated air in recuperative systems. 

The principles described above apply equally well to oxides with more complex formulas. In these materials, however, there are generally a number of different cations or anions present. Generally, only one of the ionic species will be affected by the defect forming reaction while (ideally) others will remain unaltered. The reactant, on the other hand, can be introduced into any of the suitable ion sites. This leads to a certain amount of complexity in writing the defect equations that apply. The simplest way to bypass this difficulty is to decompose the complex oxide into its major components and treat these separately. Two examples, using the perovskite structure, can illustrate this. 

Figure 3.19 Generic ducted flow sampling solution completely respecting all TOS principles (elimination of IDE and lEE). It is a prerequisite that appropriate flushing/cleaning measures (always problem-dependent) eliminate potential IPE in the bypass extractor segment.

Figure 3.21 Alternative PAT sensor configuration/deployment in bypass loop configuration. Note that the field of view is here equal to the full stream cross section. Various combinations of the principles illustrated in Figures 3.20 and 3.21 offers convenient process technology flexibility to deal with just about any conceivable scenario otherwise threatened by the traditional fatal IDE/IEE issues illustrated in this chapter.

The first steps in bypassing of the biological, technological, and financial burden of live stock culturing or maintenance were made more than 20 years ago through the development of a bacterial luminescence inhibition test [34,35] this bioassay is presently known and used worldwide as the Microtox test. The revolutionary principle of this test is that it uses a lyophihzed strain of a (marine) bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum). This makes the bioassay apphcable anytime, anywhere, without the need for continuous culturing of the test species. 

If molecules are compared to vehicles, and pores to a traffic network, the principle of exclusion chromatography can easily be pictured. Trucks using the bypass around the city can move faster than cars using the smallest streets in the city ... 

At present the complete time dependence of only a few time-correlation functions have been determined experimentally. Furthermore, the theory of time-dependent processes is such that we know in principle which experiments can be used to determine specific correlation functions, and in addition certain general properties of these correlation functions. However, one of the major difficulties encountered in developing a theory of time-correlation functions arises from the fact that there seems to be, at least at present, no simple way of bypassing the complex many-body dynamics in a realistic fashion. Consequently both theoretically and experimentally there are difficult obstacles impeding progress towards a satisfactory understanding of the dynamic behavior of liquids, solids, and gases. 

This chapter focuses on extracting quantitative chemical concentrations. Presumably, those values are ultimately used to make a binary decision (classification), such as whether to take clinical action. In principle and often in practice, one can go straight from Raman spectra to classification, bypassing the step of interpreting chemical contributions. Here, however, we will confine ourselves to converting the Raman signal into concentration predictions of one or more chemicals present in the sample. 

Whitesides reviewed the principles of molecular self-assembly over a decade ago,9 including the possibility of using self-assembly to make semiconductor devices. We recently reviewed our extensive work in the field of molecular electronics10 as well as the sub-field of molecular wires,11 both of which include self-assembly as a necessary step in the construction of devices. A review of the physical characteristics of molecular electronics devices has recently appeared,12 along with a review of the genesis of molecular electronics.13 The semiconductor industry has realized that research achievements in the molecule electronics and self-assembly fields could enable the development of methods to bypass existing roadblocks.14... 

---