By-products of Seed Processing

These days, allelopathic plants as catch crops or trap crops found utilization in plant protection of tropical regions against parasitic weeds. They do not eliminate the parasite completely but decrease the seed bank in the soil. Other applications of allelopathy for weed control include the use of plant residues as a natural herbicide agent, e.g., water extracts, pellets, flours, by-products of crop processing, etc. The strategies for use of volatile compounds as soil fumigants are developed. 

The palm fruit has no associated oilmeals and unlike other oilseeds it cannot be transported far for economical and quality reasons. It has to be processed ffesh locally, inunediately after harvest and then transported all over the world. However, other oil crops are capable of being converted into varying proportions of vegetable oil and meal and because of the relatively high protein content and relatively low cost of the flour, extensive efforts are being made to utilize these by-products of seed crushing as a dietary protein source for human consumption. 

These studies demonstrate that the processing of cactus pears into coloring preparations is feasible. It is now up to companies to exploit the enormous potential of these fruits. The by-products from Opuntia processing such as seeds and peels could be further processed into vegetable oil and pectin, respectively. 

Fig. 2.17 Galls growing on an oak leaf. By production of polyphenols the tree tries to cut off the parasite from trace metal supply yet the wasp larva is capable of degrading them, in effect making use of the complexes as a means of metal enrichment. Thus a process used by many kinds of plant (photosynthetic organs and seeds likewise, often based on cyanide/cyanohydrines or on alkaloids) is turned in favor of a parasite (an outcome of co-evolution). Southern Germany, November 2008 photo taken by the author...

Good descriptions of the production of aluminum can be found in the literature (Grjotheim etal. [7], Grjotheim and Welch [8], Grjotheim and Kvande [9], Burkin [10], and Peterson and Miller [11]). Referring to Fig. 2 [12], the first step in the production of aluminum from its ore ( bauxite ) is the selective leaching of the aluminum content (present as oxides/hy dr oxides of aluminum) into hot concentrated NaOH solution to form sodium aluminate in solution. After solution purification, very pure aluminum hydroxide is precipitated from the cooled, diluted solution by addition of seed particles to nucleate the precipitation. After solid-liquid separation the alumina is dried and calcined. These operations are the heart of the Bayer process and the alumina produced is shipped to a smelter where the alumina, dissolved in a molten salt electrolyte, is electrolyt-ically reduced to liquid aluminum in Hall- Heroult cells. This liquid aluminum,... 

The oil from the seed is a by-product of the juice processing industry in many countries. The seed furnishes a pale yellow oil with an average yield of 20%. The four major fatty acids are palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids (Table 5.10) with a total unsaturation level of 89.8% (Assuncao et al., 1984). 

The locations where commodities are grown are identified and if available yield per acre, proportion of seed to kernel, etc. are given. The physical constants of the oil are given in addition to their fatty acid composition. By-products of the oil recovery process such as edible protein, carbohydrate and fiber, or presscakes suitable for cattle feed are discussed. 

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