Butterfly compounds

Our research on CO activation is supported by the NSF. In addition to members of my group and colleagues who are mentioned in the text, I appreciate the contributions of former co-workers Dr. Hamdallah Hodali, who discovered the O-protonation of CO, and Dr. Norvell Nelson who discovered the Lewis acid attack of CO. Work on the proton induced reduction of CO has been aided by the exchange of information on iron butterfly compounds with Professor Earl Mutterties, Dr. John Bradly and Dr. Jack Williams. 

In insects, especially Diptera, several pioneer studies reviewed by Blomquist et al. (1987) established that long chain hydrocarbons, some of which play a pheromone role, were derived from very long chain fatty acids by reduction and decarboxylation. Thus, pheromone biosynthesis shares steps with those leading to basic lipid molecules and also with those of the well-known pheromones of Lepidoptera (Roelofs and Wolf, 1988). All often display several double bonds located in various positions while the volatile butterfly compounds bear functional groups (acetate, aldehyde or alcohol) and aliphatic chains with 12-16 carbons. Contact pheromones of flies have much longer chains (21C-39C) (Pennanec h et al., 1991). 

Comparison of Characteristic Geometrical Parameters of M4B Butterfly Compounds... 

Folic acid is a member of the vitamin B complex found in green plants, fresh fruit, yeast, and liver. Folic acid takes its name from folium, Latin for leaf. Pterin compounds are named from the Greek word for wing because these substances were first identified in insect wings. Two pterins are familiar to any child who has seen (and chased) the common yellow sulfur butterfly and its white counterpart, the cabbage butterfly. Xanthopterin and leu-... 

Besides disilenes, the metastable phosphasilenes 15 (and the analogous arsasilenes) are the only known compounds with (p-p) 7r-bonds between main-group elements that react with P4 under relatively mild conditions (40oC).10b 33 Thus 15a reacts with P4 in a 2 1 molar ratio to build up the SiP3 butterfly-like compound 22 (Eq. 6). 

The transformation of 44a with P4 in a 2 1 molar ratio readily occurred at 40°C, forming a complicated product mixture. On heating this mixture for 2 days at 100°C, the butterfly-like compounds 48 and 49 were generated (Eq. 14).14... 

From the hair-pencils of butterflies in Danainae and Ithomiinae (Papilion-oidea Nymphalidae), a wider variety of pyrrolizines (la-d, and 6a-d) have been identified than from Arctiidae moths. These compounds are biosynthesized from pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are included in host plants fed by the larvae and protect them from the attacks of other herbivores [122]. In addition to novel lactones (7, 8a, and 8b) derived from an acid part of the alkaloids, many volatiles of more than 100 compounds (aromatics, terpenoids, hydrocarbons, and others) constitute scent bouquets of the male butterflies [123]. For example, the hair-pencil of Idea leuconoe (Danainae) which is distributed in South-East Asia contained 16 compounds (6b, 8a, 8b, 9, and others), and a mixture of the major volatiles applied to a butterfly dummy elicited an abdomen-curling acceptance posture in the females as a crude extract of the male hair-pencils did [ 124]. A chiral GC analysis revealed the absolute config-... 

In the course of investigation of potential antitumor compounds, the triazolobenzodithiazine derivative 37 seemed of special interest (Scheme 4). As no unambiguous proof could be provided by spectroscopic data (cf. Section 11.19.6.) X-Ray analysis of the crystalline product has been carried out <2003BMC1259>. The results revealed that in crystals the molecules formed centrosymmetric dimers by the help of weak NH- N hydrogen bonds. Because of the conformation of the central six-membered ring, the tricyclic molecule had a butterfly shape. 

A better explanation is that the bonding in the complex corresponds to four face-centered bonds (see below). Compounds with more than 60 electrons are also found. The dianion, [Re4(CO)12]z, a 62-electron system, has the D2h butterfly geometry. The carboxylato derivative, Pt4(OCCH3)8, with a total of 64 electrons, is, as expected, square-planar. Thus, the following sequence of geometries is available. 

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