2- Butanol boiling point

Butanol (h-butanol boiling point 117.7°C, density 0.8097, flash point 28.9°C) can be obtained from carbohydrates (such as molasses and grain) by fermentation. Acetone and ethanol are produced as by-products. 

Fig. 6. Boiling point (a) and phase diagram (b) for the heterogeneous a2eotropic system, water/ 1-butanol at atmospheric pressure, yi, B and C, D are representative equiUbrium points Z is the a2eotropic point M and N are Hquid miscibility limits.

Example 2 Estimate the Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure of 2-Butanol, Which Has an Experimental Normal Boiling Point... 

Example 4 Estimate the Normal Boiling Point of 2-Butanol. 

Example 1 Estimate the critical temperature and critical pressure of 2-butanol using the Ambrose method, Eqs. (2-1) and (2-6). The experimental normal boiling point is 372.7 K. 

L9.67 (a) Write the structural formulas of diethyl ether and 1-butanol (note that they are isomers), (b) The boiling point of L-butanol is 117°C, higher than that of diethyl ether (35°C), yet the solubility of both compounds in water is about 8 g per 100 mL. Account for these observations. 

The tuning of solubility with a relatively small jump or fall in pressure can possibly bestow many benefits with respect to rates, yields, and selectivity. Reaction parameters can be changed over a wide range. Replacement of solvents with high boiling points by supercritical (SC) fluids offers distinct advantages with respect to removal of the solvent. SC fluids like CO2 are cheap and environmentally friendly the critical temperature of CO2 is 31 C and the critical pressure 73.8 atm (Poliakoff and Howdle, 1995). Eckert and Chandler (1998) have given many examples of the use of SC fluids. Alkylation of phenol with tcrt-butanol in near critical water at 275 °C allows 2- erf-butyl phenol to be formed (a major product when the reaction is kinetically controlled 4-rert-butyl phenol is the major product, when the reaction is... 

Make a rough estimate of the viscosity of 2-butanol and aniline at their boiling points, using the modified Arrhenius equation. Compare your values with those given using the equation for viscosity in Appendix C. 

Which of the following best explains why 1-butanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OH, has a higher boiling point (117°C) than its isomer, methyl propyl ether, CH3OCH2CH2CH3 (39°C) ... 

It is usual to carry out the reaction in water or ethanol, or in mixtures of the two, at temperatures ranging from 60° to the boiling point, for from 2 to 12 hours. Butanol has also been used as a solvent [82, 136] and, exceptionally xylene [137] and dimethylformamide [138], or even no solvent at all [136] The alkyl mercaptan which is evolved in this reaction can be absorbed in a solution of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide [135] or in a charcoalicupric chloride trap [139]. The guanidines are often conveniently isolated via their relatively insoluble bicarbonates [118, 139]. 

Interfacial tension Specific gravity Auri butanol value (toluene 100) Aniline point DDT soluble Distillation Initial boiling point 60%... 

Primary alcohols react readily with keiene lo form acetic esters but tertiary alcohols require the calalytic help of sulfuric acid. Even with primary alcohols, us I-butanol. it has been established that addition of keiene ceases at about the 755 conversion point unless a little sulfuric acid is present as catalyst. Phenol, which is inert toward ketene at ordinary temperature, may he cun verted into pheny l acetate by reaction at the boiling point of phenol or hy reaction at room temperature if a trace of sulfuric acid is present. 

Figure 9-2 A gas-liquid chromatogram of a mixture of the isomeric butanols at constant column temperature. A tiny peak on the far left is a trace of air injected with the sample. The retention times of the various isomers are in the same order as the boiling points, which are, from left to right, 82°, 99.5°, 108°, and 117°. The areas under each peak correspond to the relative amounts of material present. Raising the column temperature at a preprogrammed rate while developing the chromatogram speeds up the removal of the slower-moving components and sharpens their peaks. Also, by diversion of the gas stream to appropriate cold traps it is possible to collect pure fractions of each component.

The set of catalysts selected for the dehydration of 2-butanol was also tested for the Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole [69, 70]. The catalytic test was performed in the liquid phase due to the high boiling points of the reactants and products of this reaction. Anisole was reacted with acetic anhydride at 120 °C in the absence of solvent. In principle, acylation can occur on both the ortho and para positions of anisole. The main product (>99%) over all catalysts in this study was para-methoxyacetophenone, indicating that the reaction predominantly takes place inside the zeolite micropores. The same trend in catalytic activity as in the 2-buta-nol dehydration reaction is observed the conversion of anisole into para-nicihoxy-acetophenone increases upon increasing Ge content of the catalyst (Fig. 9.17) [67]. The main cause of deactivation for this reaction is accumulation of the reaction products inside the micropores of the zeolite. The different behavior of Ge-ZSM-5, compared with ZSM-5, may therefore be due to improved diffusional properties of the former, as the presence of additional meso- and macropores allows for... 

O-H-O bonds are stronger than N-H - N bonds, which explains the order of the last two compounds. No hydrogen bonding is possible in the first two compounds, but C-O bonds are polar, giving the ether a higher boiling point than the alkane. The actual boiling points are pentane, 36°C methyl propyl ether, 39°C 1-aminobutane, 78°C and 1-butanol, 118°C. 

Bicchi and Bertolino [193] analyzed a variety of pharmaceuticals for residual solvents. Samples were equilibrated directly or dissolved in a suitable solvent with a boiling point higher than that of the residual solvent to be determined. Equilibration conditions were 90 or 100°C for 20 min. A Perkin-Elmer HS-6 headspace sampler was used. The chromatographic phase chosen was a 6 x Vs in. column packed with Carbopack coated with 0.1% SP 1000. Residual ethanol in phenobarbital sodium was determined by a direct desorption method. An internal standard, /-butanol, was used. Typically, 0.44% of ethanol was detected (compared to a detection limit of 0.02 ppm). The standard deviation of six determinations was 0.026. Pharmaceutical preparations which were analyzed by the solution method included lidocaine hydrochloride, calcium pantothenate, methyl nicotinate, sodium ascorbate, nicotinamide, and phenylbutazone. Acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol were determined with typical concentrations ranging from 14 ppm for ethanol to 0.27% for acetone. Detection limits were as low as 0.03 ppm (methanol in methyl nicotinate). 

Polyalumophenylsiloxane varnish is a solution of polyalumophenylsiloxane in a mixture of toluene and butanol. Its flammability, boiling point and inflammation point, as well as explosive limits of varnish vapours mixed with air, mostly depend on the properties of the solvents used. 

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