Burst properties

All of the papermaking properties showed deterioration as a result of the exposure to the temperatures of the kraft cycle. The tensile strength was reduced by 20%, the burst properties declined by 30%, and the tear properties, by approximately 45%. A test of the absorbency of the fibers indicated that the water retention characteristic of the fibers had declined to 60% of its original value after the heat treatment. All of the changes observed as a result of the exposure to elevated temperatures reflect an increase in the level of crystallinity of the pulp fibers. 

Y. Yano, T. Yoshitake, S. Yamashita, N. Akasaka, S. Onose, S. Watanabe, H. Takahashi, Effects of fast reactor irradiation conditions on tensile and transient burst properties of ferritic/martensitic steel claddings, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 44 (12) (2007) 1535—1542. 

Master curves can be used to predict creep resistance, embrittlement, and other property changes over time at a given temperature, or the time it takes for the modulus or some other parameter to reach a critical value. For example, a mbber hose may burst or crack if its modulus exceeds a certain level, or an elastomeric mount may fail if creep is excessive. The time it takes to reach the critical value at a given temperature can be deduced from the master curve. Frequency-based master curves can be used to predict impact behavior or the damping abiUty of materials being considered for sound or vibration deadening. The theory, constmction, and use of master curves have been discussed (145,242,271,277,278,299,300). 

The precious metals are many times the cost of the base metals and, therefore, are limited to specialized applications or to those in which process conditions are highly demanding (e.g., where conditions are too corrosive for base metals and temperatures too high for plastics where base metal contamination must be avoided, as in the food and pharmaceutical industries or where plastics cannot be used because of heat transfer requirements and for special applications such as bursting discs in pressure vessels). The physical and mechanical properties of precious metals and their alloys used in process plants are given in Table 3.38. 

In the earliest applications of numerical methods for the computation of blast waves, the burst of a pressurized sphere was computed. As the sphere s diameter is reduced and its initial pressure increased, the problem more closely approaches a point-source explosion problem. Brode (1955,1959) used the Lagrangean artificial-viscosity approach, which was the state of the art of that time. He analyzed blasts produced by both aforementioned sources. The decaying blast wave was simulated, and blast wave properties were registered as a function of distance. The code reproduced experimentally observed phenomena, such as overexpansion, subsequent recompression, and the formation of a secondary wave. It was found that the shape of the blast wave at some distance was independent of source properties. 

The policy cover may be extended to include damage to assets from extra perils if the necessary additional premium is paid. These include storm damage, floodwater, burst water pipes or tanks, aircraft, riot, malicious damage or impact by mechanical vehicles. It is also possible to include an item to cover architects , surveyors and consultants fees and legal fees all incurred in the reinstatement of the property insured, as well as a sum to cover the costs of removing debris from the site before rebuilding can start. 

By choosing the excipient type and concentration, and by varying the spray-drying parameters, control was achieved over the physical properties of the dry chitosan powders. The in vitro release of betamethasone showed a dose-dependent burst followed by a slower release phase that was proportional to the drug concentration in the range 14-44% w/w [200]. 

---