Bulk appearance

Polymers formed from monosubstituted monomers (X II) under the usual reaction conditions (e.g. 60 °C, bulk) appear almost atactic with only a slight... 

A possible influence of electric fields on cross sections has in the past perhaps been emphasized more in connection with thermal cross sections than with optical ones. However, as pointed out, for instance, by Monemar and Samuelson (1978), Pantelides and Grimmeiss (1980), and Szawelska et al. (1981), it can also influence optical ones. Figure 18 (Fig. 3 of Monemar and Samuelson, 1978) compares the hole cross section for GaP(0) in the bulk and in a space-charge region. Thus, measurements in bulk appear preferable. The alternate approach of calculating this influence of a held has not yet, to our knowledge, been carried out. 

More detailed studies of reactions of this type have been reported.96,97 Nickel(II) complexes of histidine and tryptophan provide stereoselectivity in the hydrolysis of histidine methyl ester, but stereoselectivity is not observed with nickel(Il) complexes of aspartic acid or methionine. Only tridentate ligands with a minimum steric bulk appear to be capable of exhibiting stereoselectivity in reactions of this type. 

Park et al. [10] have recently reported an efficient photocyclization of 1-benzoyl-l-(o-ethylphenyl) cyclopropane (29) to the corresponding indanol 31. In this ketone, the cyclopropane ring bulk appears to be equivalent to that of two methyl groups, and forces the geometry of the 1,5-biradical intermediate suitable for cydization (Scheme 8.8). 

The bulk appear to be cumyl alcohol, with lesser amounts of acetophenone and traces of OC methyl styrene. Stochiometric considerations postulate the formation of methane and water. Data presented in Figure 21 shows... 

From these data, average tenacities of the yarns were calculated for the various sampling locations, as shown in Figure 8. The values are all quite close and, in any case, do not vary in a systematic manner across the sail. Some areas are more heavily degraded and weaker, but the bulk appears to have retained about 30% of its strength when new. 

As it can be seen, the surface and the bulk appear to be inseparable for very small nanoparticles. For nanoparticles containing 3000 metallic atoms, the relation Ns/Ny = 20% is true, whereas compact metallic particles (Ns/Ny 1) are reached only at A 10. Hence particles by their size can be subdivided into the following four groups (domains) ... 

Figure 4 The bulk appearance of a nematogen (a) the crystalline state, (b) the milky form of the nematic phase, and (c) the isotropic liquid.

Perhaps the most obvious characteristic of thermotropic polyesters Is their bulk appearance. These polyesters, whether aliphatic-aromatic as the X7G type or the wholly aromatic structures, all have a fibrous, almost wood-like texture. The fracture surface of a strand shows the typical highly fibrillar morphology. If such a strand Is put through a conventional cutting process, a fuzzy and very fibrillar chip often results. Another plainly visible characteristic of thermotropic polyesters Is the opalescent, almost metalllc-1 Ike surface sheen. 

Heineman and Temmerman 1994) indicated that the surface of Gd(OOOl) is antiferro-magnetically coupled with the bulk magnetic moment. This calculated antiferromagnetic alignment of the surface and bulk appeared to support early spin-polarized photoemission experiments (Weller et al. 1985a),... 

For an alkali metal cluster, in which each atom contributes one electron, we can set ATeiectrons equal to the cluster size N, and the value of n for the valence electrons is then approximately VaT/2. So we expect to see conductivity similar to the bulk appearing in cluster sizes where... 

Crocidolite. This is an amphibole crystal that is similar to chrysotile in bulk appearance. 

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