Buckwheat rutin

Anthocyanins are Che most easily assayed and commonly studied derivatives of aromatic amino acids (Figure 1). Glyphosate drastically reduces accumulation of anthocyanin flavonoids in treated tissues (6, 19) (Figure 3). Levels of rutin and procyanidin, both flavonoids, are reduced in glyphosate-treated buckwheat hypocotyls (6). Glyphosate would presumably similarly affect levels of flavonoids and flavonoid derivatives that are known to be allelochemicals. 

The following statements are taken from the R D section of an article that reports on a study of tartary buckwheat as a source of dietary rutin (adapted from Fabjan et ah, 2003). For each sentence, decide whether its primary purpose is to... 

Fabjan, N. Rode, J. Kosir, 1. J. Wang, Z. Zhang, Z. Kreft, I. Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) as a Source of Dietary Rutin and Quercitrin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 6452-6455. 

Rutin extraction from buckwheat was optimally performed using between 50% and 60% ethanol with a 3-hr maceration (Kreft et al., 1999). Repeating the extraction two times was sufficient to extract most of the rutin. Lie et al. (2000) demonstrated the optimization of influencing factors such as extraction temperatures, extraction times, and solvent concentrations in a conventional extraction of dry powdered material of Hypericum perforatum. Applied extraction conditions caused variations to favor different components in the mixture. Higher extraction efficiency was achieved with moderately polar solvents to extract flavonoids such as rutin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin. The optimum extraction conditions for dry Hypericum perforatum leaf powder were determined as 44% to 69% ethanol in acetone with a 5.3- to 5.9-hr maceration at 55°C. 

Kreft, S., Knapp, M., and Kreft, I. 1999. Extraction of rutin from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculen-tum Moench) seeds and determination by capil-... 

The flavonol glycoside rutin (Figure 4.42) from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Polygo-naceae) and rue (Ruta graveolens Rutaceae), and the flavanone glycoside hesperidin from Citrus... 

In the group of bioflavonoids, there is rutin (=rutoside), which occurs in Fagopyrum (Buckwheat), Eucalyptus and Solidago species and in the flowers of Sophorajaponica. 

In this paper, retention characteristics of buckwheat flavonoids and its main ingredients which were rutin and quercetin were studied. 

End products of oinnamate metabolism in buckwheat, the flavonol glycoside rutin and the depside chlorogenio acid, had little, if any, effect on the intracellular PAL-activity. The crucial question is, however, whether these compounds penetrate to the intracellular site of PA.L. Thus, any definite statement on the absence of... 

Burton et al. (1993) examined ipriflavone and its impurities by TLC with absorbance, fluorescence, and fluorescence quenching detection at 1 ng levels. Hadj-Mahammad and Meklati (1993) separated polyhydroxy- and polymethox-yflavones on silica gel developed with heptane-2-propanol (80 20) plus 5% acetic acid and on C-18 layers developed with methanol-water (80 20) plus 3% NaCl. Krawczyk et al. (1993) quantified flavonoids in rutin-containing buckwheat herb extract by silica gel TLC with scanning densitometry. 

Rutin, catechin, epicatechin, and Different parts of buckwheat pHPLC Amperometric (GCE) [126]... 

Matsui T., Kudo A., Tokuda S., Matsumoto K., Hosoyama H. Identification of a new natural vasorelaxatant compound, (-F) -osbeckic acid, from rutin-free tartary buckwheat extract. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 10876-10879 (2010). 

Fig. B-27. Structure of two bioflavonoids. Hesperidin is found in citrus fruit rutin is found in buckwheat leaves.

Citrus bioflavonoids, made by extracting the pulp which remains after juicing oranges and lemons, are available in concentrated form. Sometimes, rose hips, obtained from roses, and rutin, obtained from buckwheat leaves, are included with the citrus bioflavonoids. 

Buckwheat is also used to a limited extent for medicinal purposes. It contains 1 to 6% rutin (formerly called vitamin P) a flavonoid which is used in the treatment of certain kinds of hemorrhage, frostbite, x-ray burns, and exposure to atomic radiation. 

For the analysis of fungicides in various samples such as grapes, musts, pomaces, lees, distiUed spirits, and wines, a specific and sensitive method was described. The core-sheU type analytical column (Kinetex C18) performed adequate separation (113). The Kinetex C18 column showed success also in the quantification of rutin, epicatechin, catechin, and epicatechin gallate in buckwheat groats (114). 

---