Buccal medications

Sublingual medications are administered under the tongue. Buccal medications are administered between the cheek and the gum. Both routes absorb medication quickly into the circulatory system because there is a vast network of capillaries beneath the thin layer of epithelium tissue in those areas. 

Many technicians may not be famihar with terms such as sublingual (under the tongue), buccal (between the cheek and gingiva), otic, and so on. A clear description of each of these nontraditional routes (i.e., other than gavage routes) should be discussed with technicians, and instructions may also be written down and given to them. Demonstrations are often useftd to illustrate selected techniques of administration (e.g., to use an inhaler or nebulizer). Some chemicals must be placed by technicians into body orifices (e.g., medicated intrauterine devices such as Proges-terset). 

Shore, J.W., Foster, C.S., WestfaU, C.T., Rubin, P.A. Results of buccal mucosal grafting for patients with medically controlled ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology 99, 383-395 (1992)... 

The most common medication for angina is GTN this is available as buccal tablets, sprays or skin patches. Calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers are also effective anti-anginal agents. 

In man, a number of epidemiological studies using different designs have been conducted (17) on the health risks of non-medical exposure to formaldehyde and also in health-care professionals (18-23), with contradictory results. Cancers in excess in more than one study were Hodgkin s disease (24,25), leukemia (18,19,22,23,26), cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx (particular the nasopharynx) (18,19,25,27,28), lung (18,24,27,29-31), nose (32-36), prostate (19,24,26), bladder (19,23,26), brain (20), colon (18-20,25,27), skin (18,25), and kidney (27). 

The first pass effect occurs when medication is administered orally, is absorbed into the GI tract, and enters the bloodstream. Medication particles are transported through the portal vein into the liver, where the medication is metabolized. Medication can bypass the first pass effect by being administered sublingual (under the tongue) or buccal (between the gums and the cheek). These sites absorb medication directly into the bloodstream and avoid the stomach, where medication particles might be destroyed by hydrochloric acid. 

The three main areas of development over the last decade have been in smoking cessation, pain control, testosterone replacement, and to some less significant extent, novel formulations. A recent review by Smart [3] summarizes these latter directions in reformulation. Buccal delivery remains an area of interest for most companies, particularly for niche products, where conventional oral medication does not provide sufficiently faster onset of action or where treatment may be discontinuous. 

Compliance is a big problem in medical care. Most patients do not like to take medications or fail to take than as instructed. Drags with sustained release can remedy some of these problems. Once daily dosage with sustained action is likely to improve the compliance rate to 80% when compared with 40% for three or four times a day. Some of the novel delivery methods such as transdermal or buccal are preferred by most patients to oral intake or injections. Lack of compliance is responsible for a significant number of hospital admissions in the USA (as high as 10% in some estimates). Overall cost of noncompliance in the USA was more than 100 billion in 2006. Improvement of compliance can lead to significant reductions in healthcare costs. 

Prior to administering medications through a feeding tube, the feeding tube tip location should be verified (stomach or small bowel) and the most suitable dosage form selected. Medications that should not be crushed and administered through a tube include enteric-coated or sustained-release capsules or tablets and sublingual or buccal tablets. 

As the name implies, the oral route means that the patient ingests the medication. Sublingual and buccal are two other routes that also involve the patient s... 

The sublingual and buccal routes are used for rapid absorption of medication because blood vessels are close to the surface of the tongue and gums. The trans-... 

The client taking chemotherapy has developed a white, patchy area on the tongue and buccal mucosa. Which medication would best treat this condition ... 

Relative they are contraindicated in the management of acute or post-operative pain. They are not indicated for use in opioid non-tolerant patients. The safety and efficacy of fentanyl buccal tablets and fentanyl oralet have not been establidied in pediatric patients below the age of 16 years. They ould be used cautiously in patients with a history ofbradyarrhthymias, or with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or impaired consciousness, or with history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or preexisting medical conditions predisposing them to respiratory depression. 

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