Bronchoconstriction/bronchial

Leukotrienes are rapidly produced and released during a Type I reaction (Fig. 3). They are responsible for a massive bronchoconstriction in allergic bronchial asthma and attract leukocytes, thus being proinflamma-tory. Consequently, antagonists of the LTC recqDtor have been proven useful in the therapy of bronchial asthma, often in combination with bronchodilators (example montelukast). 

Respiratory Effects. Pulmonary edema has been reported in humans who died of acute methyl parathion (Wofatox) intoxication (Fazekas 1971). Edema was foimd in a man who died 2 horn s after intoxication and in others who died as long as 9 days after exposure. Bronchoconstriction and h er-secretion of bronchial glands are primary muscarinic effects of methyl parathion. Pulmonary edema is not considered to be a primary effect of methyl parathion it is considered to be secondary to the neurologic effects of this compound on the heart and vascular smooth muscle. 

Smooth muscle Bronchial Gastrointestinal wall Sphincter Contraction Contraction Relaxation Bronchoconstriction Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea Fecal incontinence... 

Median durations with the highest value after a single dose and lowest after chronic administration. cProtedion refers to the prevention of bronchoconstriction induced by exercise or nonspecific bronchial challenges. 

The importance of PAF in airway hypersensitivity has been confirmed by the protective effect exerted by BN 52021 and related ginkgolides [192] in (i) PAF-induced bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity in both humans and animals (ii) various models of immune anaphylaxis and airway hyperreactivity in animals and, as we shall discuss later (iii) antigen-induced bronchial provocation tests in asthmatic patients. 

Respiratory Effects. Information on respiratory effects due to exposure to disulfoton is very limited. Exposure to disulfoton causes overstimulation of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the respiratory tract (Murphy 1986). This usually results in excessive bronchial secretions, bronchoconstriction, and eventually respiratory failure. Pulmonary edema and hemoptysis were recognized as probable causes of death in a man who ingested an unknown amount of disulfoton (Hattori et al. 1982). Studies regarding inhalation exposure were concerned primarily with lethality or cholinesterase inhibition. However, in intermediate-duration inhalation studies in rats, inflammation... 

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic agent that causes bronchodilatation. It is used to relieve bronchospasm in anaphylactic shock reactions. Histamine, kinins and prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2, are inflammatory mediators. In response to allergic stimuli, inflammatory mediators may cause bronchoconstrictions. Guaifenesin is an expectorant preparation that increases bronchial secretions to promote the expulsion of the mucus coughed up. 

After inhalation, respiratory and ocular effects are the first to appear, often within a few minutes after exposure. Respiratory effects include tightness in the chest and wheezing due to bronchoconstriction and excessive bronchial secretion laryngeal spasms and excessive salivation may add to the respiratory distress, and cyanosis may also occur. Ocular effects include miosis, blurring of distant vision, tearing, rhi-norrhea, and frontal headache. 

Adverse reactions may include stomatitis nausea vomiting fever rhinorrhea drowsiness clamminess chest tightness bronchoconstriction bronchospasm irritation to the tracheal and bronchial tracts. 

Due to its ability to stimulate relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, theophylline is useful for treating the bronchoconstriction of asthma. 

Mechanism of Action An antiasthmatic that binds to cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, inhibiting the effects of leukof rienes on bronchial smooth muscle. Therapeutic Effect Decreases bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability, mucosal edema, and mucus production. 

Other smooth muscle Morphine causes bronchoconstriction which is due to histamine release and may be dangerous in patients suffering from bronchial asthma. 

Bronchial asthma Morphine releases histamine which can trigger bronchoconstriction. 

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