Breakthrough calculating

Breakthrough calculation which uses mixed gases in air composition can better reflect the true CO2 capture under practical condition [87]. As shown in the breakthrough calculation, PPN-6-CH2DETA exhibits the longest breakthrough time, which reflects the highest CO2 uptake capacities (Fig. 4.12). 

In the case where each component travels independently, concentration profiles established in the bed can be described by applying the method shown for breakthrough calculations to the transport of each component. 

Example 7.1.1 Breakthrough calculations for equUibrium nondispersive operation of a fixed bed with a liquid feed. 

Jorgenson W 1989 Free energy calculations a breakthrough in modeling organic chemistry in solution Accounts Chem. Res. 22 184... 

Fig. 14. Sketch of breakthrough curve showing break time / and the method of calculation of the stoichiometric time // and LUB. From ref. 7.

Detailed Modeling Results. The results of a series of detailed calculations for an ideal isothermal plug-flow Langmuir system are summarized in Figure 15. The soHd lines show the form of the theoretical breakthrough curves for adsorption and desorption, calculated from the following set of model equations and expressed in terms of the dimensionless variables T, and P ... 

Most dynamic adsorption data are obtained in the form of outlet concentrations as a function of time as shown in Figure 18a. The area iebai measures the removal of the adsorbate, as would the stoichiometric area idcai, and is used to calculate equiUbrium loading. For constant pattern adsorption, the breakthrough time and the stoichiometric time ( g), are used to calculate LUB as (1 — (107). This LUB concept is commonly used... 

Two dimensionless variables play key roles in the analysis of single transition systems (and some multiple transition systems). These are the throughput parameter [see Eq. (16-129)] and the number of transfer units (see Table 16-13). The former is time made dimensionless so that it is equal to unity at the stoichiometric center of a breakthrough cui ve. The latter is, as in packed tower calculations, a measure of mass-transfer resistance. 

A breakthrough in cell modelling occurred with the work of the British scientists. Sir Alan L. Hodgkin and Sir Andrew F. Huxley, for which they were in 1963 (jointly with Sir John C. Eccles) awarded the Nobel prize. Their new electrical models calculated the changes in membrane potential on the basis of the underlying ionic currents. 

In an earlier note (p. 9) we mentioned the occurrence of overvoltage in an electrolytic cell (and overpotentials at single electrodes), which means that often the breakthrough of current requires an Uappl = Eiecomp r] V higher than Ehack calculated by the Nernst equation as this phenomenon is connected with activation energy and/or sluggishness of diffusion we shall treat the subject under the kinetic treatment of the theory of electrolysis (Section 3.2). 

Thus, for example, Matutes et al.9 show in a formal model that in basic or breakthrough innovations, protection on the basis of scope generates higher levels of welfare than period-based protection. The reason for this is that the period in which rivals can introduce applications is shorter and the patent holder can decide when to exert his or her rights. Nevertheless, it is also true that this can accelerate developments that do not generate additional value if the calculation of the reward given to the second-level innovator is excessive. The concept of the right reward for the two types of innovation is not easy to put into practice. 

Jorgensen, W. L. Free energy calculations, a breakthrough for modeling organic chemistry in solution. Acc. Chem. Res. 1989, 22, 184-189... 

The second is the breakthrough in understanding complex 4f magnetism through the applications of some advanced magnetic measurements and quantum chemistry calculation methods, such as the single-crystal magnetic measurement... 

The IGLO method, an important breakthrough for the calculation of magnetic properties, was developed in the mid-1980s by Kutzelnigg et al.2 After some... 

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