Breakdown phenomena

Umemura, A. and Tomita, K., Rapid flame propagation in a vortex tube in perspective of vortex breakdown phenomena. Combustion and Flame, 125,820-838, 2001. 

Besides these gas-breakdown phenomena, laser-induced plasmas on solid surfaces have attracted the interest of many physicists, since there may be a chance that nuclear fusion processes will be triggered by laser-produced high-temperature plasmas 293). We will discuss these plasmas and their practical importance for spectroscopy in Section III.9). 

Electrical properties — dielectric constant (e), representing polarization dissipation factor (tan 8), representing relaxation phenomena dielectric strength (EB), representing breakdown phenomena and resistivity (pv), an inverse of conductivity — are compared with other polymers in Table 5.14.74 The low dielectric loss and high electrical resistivity coupled with low water absorption and retention of these properties in harsh environments are major advantages of fluorosilicone elastomers over other polymeric materials.74... 

The electrochemical properties of passive layers lead to the question of their structure on a mesoscopic scale and at atomic resolution. Their barrier character with respect to metal corrosion postulates a dense, poreless film their electronic properties, in some cases, crystalline structures. The change of their properties with film aging, as in e.g. film-breakdown phenomena, support the existence of many defects that may heal with time. In many cases an amorphous structure is assumed. Some ex situ... 

To illustrate the use of PIXE and micro-PIXE in the study of breakdown phenomena in polyethylene high voltage cable insulation and other related topics we will describe a few typical measurements, first the study by standard PIXE of impurities in the organic semiconductor H2PC and in the carbon black semicon used in high voltage cables. Examples of the use of the microbeam to study some electrical and water trees as well as the diffusion of impurities from the semicon into polyethylene under typical electric field and humidity conditions will be given. 

Classic texts on dielectric breakdown phenomena are by Whitehead (1951) and O Dwyer (1973). A more recent book by Dissado and Fothergill (1992) provides a comprehensive review of advances since then. Sillars (1973) gives a good review of test methods and materials. Discharge testing techniques are described by Kxeuger (1964). 

The time between application of an electric field sufficiently high to cause the breakdown phenomena and their occurrence is about 1 /rs. 

The study of failure or breakdown phenomena is a very active field of research today, and no doubt much of the material of this book has to be rewritten soon. Although we have made every effort to introduce all the important investigations and findings in this rapidly developing field, we apologise in advance if some important contributions are overlooked. We have tried to convey the spirit of the present-day research in this field, and enthuse the young researchers to tread new paths If we have failed in our effort, then, not unlike the causes of material failures discussed here, only our defects and mistakes are to be blamed. 

Vol. 36 Breakdown Phenomena in Semiconductors and Semiconductor Devices M. Levinshtein, J. Kostamovaara and S. Vainshtein... 

Electrical degradation and breakdown phenomena [23] limit the utility of polymers in many applications ranging from electrical cable insulation to uses in advanced electronic devices. The key property of a polymer in relation to its electrical degradation and breakdown behavior is its dielectric strength. This property cannot be predicted quantitatively as a function of the polymeric structure at this time. However, because of its importance, we will discuss it briefly. 

At very positive potentials, a dark anodic current can flow from breakdown phenomena. 

Frenkel, J. (1938) On pre-breakdown phenomena in insulators and electronic semi-conductors. Phys. Rev., 54, 647. 

The oil film breakdown phenomena that occur instantaneously at the micro area of the rolling surface asperity tips is measured by forming a DC electric current between both surfaces (3)-(A). In this paper, the oil film breakdown phenomena is treated quantitively as the oil film breakdown ratio e% by using an RC circuit to charge the capacitor with a quantity of electricity via the oil film breakdown area on... 

Direct Dielectric Breakdown. All insulating materials, including dielectric elastomers, present trade-offs between maximum applied field strength and application lifetime. In a dielectric transducer, electric field breakdown will occur as the field across the dielectric elastomer is increased. Material choices and geometry can also influence electric breakdown phenomena. For example, sharp metal edges can cause higher electric fleld concentrations and exacerbate electric breakdown. However, in dielectric elastomers, electric breakdown is often a symptom of some other type of failme rather than the cause. 

It has been a rather difficult task formulating these lectures to meet the needs of such a diverse audience. Interests here range over an incredibly broad spectrum — from general theories of disordered media and systems far from equilibrium to detailed analyses of charge transfer experiments, electrical breakdown phenomena, along with the rich field of physics and chemistry of solvated electrons. 

Rzad, S.J., Devins, J.C., and Schwabe, R.J., 1979, Transient behavior in transformer oils prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins., EI-14, 6 289. 

Forster, E.O., Fitzpatrick, G.J., Hebner, R.E., and Kelley, E.F., 1981, Observations of prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena in liquid hydrocarbons II, point-plane geometry, 1981 Annual Rpt. Conf. Elec. Insul. Dielec. Phen., IEEE 81CH1668-3, pp. 377-389. 

Observation of prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena in liquid hydrocarbons, J. Electrostatics, Vol. 12, pp. 265-283. 

A fundamental question initially arises about the definition of microfluidics. The basic meaning of this terminology is the flow at small scales. The primary advantage is the utilization of breakdown phenomena in scaling laws for new effects and better performance. Hence, the importance is not the size of surrounding instrumentation and the material of the device but the space where the fluid is processed. The minimization of the entire system may be beneficial but is not a requirement of a microfluidic system. The key issue of microfluidics is the microscopic quantity of fluid in which small-scale causes change in fluid behavior. 

Different views on high-field conduction and electrical breakdown phenomena have been described. They have been selected to show the reader the widest spectrum of existing models for the behavior of liquids affected by high electrical stress. 

Frenkel J. On pre-breakdown phenomena in insulator and electronic semi-conductor. PhysRev. 1983 53 647-652. DOI 10.1103/PhysRev.54.647... 

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