Brain neuron death

An episode of acute regional ischemia in the brain leading to neuronal death. It is usually caused by thrombi or emboli from atherosclerotic plaques. 

Power C, McArthur JC, Nath A et al (1998) Neuronal death induced by brain-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes differs between demented and nondemented AIDS patients. J Virol 72 9045-9053... 

Sapolsky, R. Stress, the Aging Brain and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death. Cambridge MIT Press, 1992, Vol 1, p423. 

The levels of MT-III (GIF) are low in the brains of Alzheimer s disease patients. This appears to lead to excessive neuronal growth, neuronal degradation, and neuronal death. The subgroup MT-III is expressed preferentially in the hippocampus (491) where it probably controls the levels of free Zn(II) (and Cu(I)). 

In order to absolutely confirm the presence of AD, the brain must be biopsied immediately after death. What is found is a general deterioration of brain neurons and the presence of excessive quantities of neurofibrillary tangles (twisted neuron bundles) and amorphous amyloid protein. In 1907 it was the neurofibrillary tangles which Alois Alzheimer first associated with the condition which bears his name. Today clinical psychiatric evaluations, PET brain scans for utilization of glucose as well as NMR are used to help in the diagnosis of AD. It is extremely difficult to differentiate AD from other types of... 

ATP 4- protein r <1, 2, 4, 5> (<5> microtubule-associated protein, enzyme can also phosphorylate human tau [1] <1> phosphorylates r and forms paired helical filament epitopes, r/Kl, K2, K3 and t/4 repeat [6] <2> enzyme can also phosphorylate bovine tau [4] <2> phosphorylates r protein into Alzheimer disease-like forms, resulting in neuronal death [7] <2> 6 isoforms of human r expressed in adult human brain [12] <2> when a / -mediated aggregated r is used as a substrate for TPKII, an 8fold increase in the rate of TPKII-mediated r phosphorylation is observed... 

Numerous in vitro studies have implicated ROS in neuronal death [Leonardi and Mytilineou, 1998], and different markers of oxidative stress are found in postmortem examination of brain tissues from patients with neurodegenerative disorders [Sayre et al., 2001], DNA oxidation, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation have been reported in brain regions containing neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques from Alzheimer s disease (AD) patients [Lovell and Markesbery, 2007 Polidori et al., 2007], Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of brains of Parkinson s disease (PD) patients also exhibit hallmarks of oxidative stress [Giasson et al., 2002]. 

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