Brain cytotoxic

Graham, D.G. Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones. Mol Pharmacol 14 633-643. 1978. Hotchkiss, A.J., and Gibb, J.W. Long-term effects of multiple doses of methamphetamine on tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 214 257-262, 1980. 

Aliosman, F., Caughlan, J., and Gray, G.S. (1989) Diseased DNA intrastrand cross-linking and cytotoxicity induced in human brain tumor cells by 1,3-fcis(2-chlorocthyl)-1 -nitrosourea after in vitro reaction with glutathione. Cancer Res. 49, 5954. 

Wanschitz, J., Maier, H., Lassmann, H., Budka, H. and Berger, T. Distinct time pattern of complement activation and cytotoxic T cell response in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Brain 126 2034-2042, 2003. 

Adults require 1-2 mg of copper per day, and eliminate excess copper in bile and feces. Most plasma copper is present in ceruloplasmin. In Wilson s disease, the diminished availability of ceruloplasmin interferes with the function of enzymes that rely on ceruloplasmin as a copper donor (e.g. cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase and superoxide dismutase). In addition, loss of copper-binding capacity in the serum leads to copper deposition in liver, brain and other organs, resulting in tissue damage. The mechanisms of toxicity are not fully understood, but may involve the formation of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, which, in turn initiates a cascade of cellular cytotoxic events, including mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, disruption of calcium ion homeostasis, and cell death. 

Wonnacott, K.M. and Bonneau, R.H., The effects of stress on memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated protection against herpes simplex virus infection at mucosal sites, Brain Behav. Immun., 16, 104, 2002. 

Bonneau, R. H. et al., Stress-induced suppression of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell activity and enhancement of acute pathogenesis following local HSV infection, Brain Behav. Immun., 5, 170, 1991. 

Shavit, Y. et al., Effects of a single administration of morphine or footshock stress on natural killer cell cytotoxicity, Brain Behav. Immun., 1, 318, 1987. 

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