Brain cobalamins deficiency

Cobalamln Cobalamin or vitamin Bj2 is another vitamin required for the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Cobalamin deficiency can cause severe and irreversible damage in the brain, nervous, cardiovascular, and hematopoietic (pernicious anemia) systems [4]. Animals, plants, and fungi do not synthesize vitamin Bj2, which can only be produced by some microorganisms. To date, the best cobalamin producer is Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which is currently applied for industrial production. 

Folacin deficiency may lead to glossitis, diarrhoea, depression and confusion. Deficiency anaemia may develop especially in pregnancy and in elderly people. Symptoms of deficiency are similar to symptoms of cobalamine deficiency (known as macrocytic anaemia). Megaloblastic anaemia, the most common cause of macrocytic anaemia, is due to a deficiency of either cobalamine or folic acid (or both). Deficiency in the early stages of pregnancy can lead to developmental defects of the foetus (spinal cord defects and incomplete development of the brain). Women who are at increased risk will need increased daily intake of folic acid. 

Sea lettuces are a source of vitamins from group B (MacArtain et al, 2007 McDermid and Stuercke, 2003). For instances, Ulva lactuca contain high amount of cobalamin or vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 plays a key role in homeostasis of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood (Scalabrino, 2009). Daily ingestion of 1.4 g/day of Ulva lactuca will be enough to meet the daily requirements of vitamin B12 (MacArtain et al, 2007). One of the most important vitamins B occurring in Ulva reticulata is riboflavin (vitamin B2). Vitamin B2 deficiency is often endemic in human... 

Elderly people s vitamin B12 deficiency is often associated with cognitive deficiency. According to recent studies by some authors, holoTC is an important marker with which to assess cognitively impaired elderly patients (Valente et al. 2011). In particular, a significant association was found between cobalamin and holoTC levels and the decrease in brain volume lower vitamin concentrations, greater rate of brain volume loss (Smith and Refsum 2009). de Lau et al. (2009) evaluated the association of markers of vitamin B12 status with cerebral white matter lesions, infarcts and cognition the study showed that lack of vitamins... 

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