Braf oncogene

Weber A, Langhanki L, Sommerer E, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oncogene. 2003 22(30) 4757-4759. 

Soares P, Trovisco V, Rocha AS, et al. BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements all alternative events in the etiopatho-genesis of PTC. Oncogene. 2003 22 4578-4580. 

Giordano TJ, Kuick R, Thomas DG, et al. Molecular classification of papillary thyroid carcinoma distinct BRAF, RAS, RET/ PTC mutations-specific gene expression profiles discovered by DNA microarray analysis. Oncogene. 2005 24 6646-6656. 

Frattini M, Ferrario C, Bressan P, et al. Alternative mutations of BRAF, RET and NTRKl are associated with similar but distinct gene expression patterns in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncogene. 2004 23 7426-7440. 

Among all human cancers, DAs have the highest frequency of KRAS alterations, the oncogene being constitutively activated in approximately 90% of DAs. 07,136-139,141-145 However, it is important to point out that KRAS mutations are seen even in earliest forms of neoplastic transformation (namely PanIN-lA) they are a common incidental finding in pancreas, as well as in patients with chronic pancreatitis lacking invasive carcinoma thus they are by no means specific for cancer. Other oncogenes that are found to be activated in pancreatic cancer include AIBl, BRAF, c-MYC, and... 

Hoeflich, K.P. et al. Oncogenic BRAF is required for tumor growth and maintenance in melanoma models. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 999-1006. 

In colonic polyps, the oncogenic pathways are those of the APC deletion and BRAF and CTNNBl (catenin-beta) mutations whereas, the mutator phenotype is induced by numerous single nucleotide substitutions [2099]. 

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