Bovine serum albumin composition

Figure 1.12 Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy images of EPD-fabricated composites or multilayered coatings (a) Laminate coatings of chitosan (Ch) and HA (H) with different layers on a graphite substrate (S) (b) 10 alternating layers of AI2O3 and Zr02 (c) polyacrylic acid films containing halloysite nanotubes (white arrows) on the platinized sihcon wafer substrate (d) sodium hyaluronate and bovine serum albumin composite films (H + B) on a graphite substrate (S).

V.S. Tripathi, V.B. Kandimalla, and H.X. Ju, Amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide based on ferrocene-bovine serum albumin and multiwall carbon nanotube modified ormosil composite. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21,1529-1535 (2006). 

Jiang and Zhu (2000) and Qiu and Zhu (2001) have reported the fabrication of multilayered devices composed of stacks of compression-molded disks of alternating compositions. One type of disk is either P(SA-EG) or P[SA-co-TMAgly)-Z>-EG] and the other is a pH-sensitive, protein-loaded blend of, for example, poly(methacrylic acid) and polyethoxazoline. The release of model proteins, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and FITC-dextran, and compounds such as brilliant blue have been studied and pulsatile release profiles have been demonstrated (Jiang and Zhu, 2000 Qiu and Zhu, 2001). 

This blend is recommended as thin-gel composite membranes for bovine serum albumin ultra-filtration [114],... 

The individual activity coefficients calculated from (4.12), suitable for calibration of ISEs for chloride ions, the alkali metal and alkaline earth ions, are given in tables 4.1 and 4.2. Ion activity scales have also been proposed for KF [141], choline chloride [98], for mixtures of electrolytes simulating the composition of the serum and other biological fluids (at 37 °C) [106,107], for alkali metal chlorides in solutions of bovine serum albumine [132] and for mixtures of electrolytes analogous to seawater [140]. 

Gurov, A.N., Gurova, N.V., Leontiev, A.L., Tolstoguzov, V.B. (1988). Equilibrium and non-equilibrium complexes between bovine serum albumin and dextran sulfate I. Complexing conditions and composition of non-equilibrium complexes. Food Hydro-colloids, 2, 267-283. 

An experimental complication is the difficulty in effecting molecular interaction between the components. The usual technique for preparing lipid-protein phases in an aqueous environment is to use components of opposite charge. This in turn means that the lipid should be added to the protein in order to obtain a homogeneous complex since a complex separates when a certain critical hydrophobicity is reached. If the precipitate is prepared in the opposite way, the composition of the complex can vary since initially the protein molecule can take up as many lipid molecules as its net charge, and this number can decrease successively with reduction in available lipid molecules. It is thus not possible to prepare lipid— protein—water mixtures, as in the case of other ternary systems, and to wait for equilibrium. Systems were prepared that consisted of lecithin-cardiolipin (L/CL) mixtures with (a) a hydrophobic protein, insulin, and with (b) a protein with high water solubility, bovine serum albumin (BSA). 

In an interesting illustration of the first strategy, Sakaguchi and coworkers covalently attached hemoglobin to an aminopropyl silica particle and then polymerized organoalkoxysilanes on the surface of the hemoglobin-modified silica particle.85 The template was removed via treatment with oxalic acid.85 In more recent work, Zhang and coworkers utilized a similar approach. In their case, the sphere was made from the functionalized biopolymer, chitosan.86 The model template protein, bovine serum albumin, was covalently attached to the chitosan microsphere and then coated with a composite sol prepared from TEOS and an aminosilane.86... 

The aim of this contribution is to present experimental data concerning the synthesis, physicochemical properties and bio-activity of several nanosilica-based composites tested by interaction with native red blood cells (RBCs). The investigations include (i) synthesis of nanocomposites by adsorption of BSA, fructose and glucose on a fumed silica surface, and (ii) analysis of the adsorption properties of composites and their bio-activity. It is known that both glucose and fructose do not individually adsorb on fumed silica therefore, bovine serum albumin was used as a mediator to bind the monosaccharides to the fumed silica surface. 

Amino acid composition of serum proteins. HI. Chromatographic isolation of human and bovine serum albumins, and amino acid composition of the fractions. Ibid., 85, 366 (1959). With S. Keller. 

If the channel for Fl-FFF is utilized such that cross-flow is due to a solvent of different composition that has the solvent flowing in an axial direction, continuous separation of high-molar-mass components from low-molar-mass contaminants, migrating through the accumulation membrane, can be achieved. The ratio of cross-flow rate to axial-flow rate must be suitably adjusted. The function of a continuous Fl-FFF channel as a dialysis or ultrafiltration cell was described theoretically and demonstrated in practice for the separation of bovine serum albumin from low-molar-mass methylene blue [247]. 

Alder, M., Unger, M., and Lee, G. (2000), Surface composition of spray-dried particles of bovine serum albumin/trehalose/surfactant, Pharm. Res., 17, 863-870. 

Examples of optimizations in HPLC using the simplex approach can be found in [28,84]. In [28] the mobile phase composition for the chiral separation of (6/ )- and (65)-leucovorin on a BSA (bovine serum albumin) stationary phase is optimized by means of a variable-size simplex. Three factors were examined, the pH of the mobile phase buffer, the ionic strength of the buffer and the percentage of 1-propanol in the mobile phase. Table 6.19 shows the experimental origin, the initial step size and the acceptable limits for the factors. The criterion optimized is the valley-to-peak ratio (Section 6.2). The points selected and the results are pre.sented in Table 6.20 and... 

Adler M, Unger M, Lee G. Surface composition of spray-dried panicles of bovine. serum albumin/trehalose/surfactant. Rtarm Res. 2000 17 863-70. 

In the former case [32], the production rate of 99% pme enantiomers from the racemic mixture of R- and S-2-phenylbutyric acid was maximized as a function of the sample size and the mobile phase composition. The calculations were based on the column performance and the equilibrium isotherms of the two components (bi-Langmuir isotherms. Chapter 3). The separation was performed on immobilized bovine serum albumin, a chiral stationary phase, using water-methanol solution as the mobile phase. The retention times decrease with increasing methanol content, but so does the separation factor. For this reason, the optimum retention factor is around 3. Calculated production rates agree well with those measured (Table 18.4). The recovery yield is lower than predicted. 

Stein, W. H., and Moore, S., Aminoacid composition of / -lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin. J. Biol. Chem. 178, 79-91 (1949). 

---