Bottom settlings and water

That portion of solids and aqueous solution in an emulsion that separates out on standing or is separated by centrifuging in a standardized test method. Basic sediment may contain emulsified oil as well. Also referred to as BS W, BSW , Bottom Settlings and Water, and Bottom Solids and Water. 

Hence the field term bottom settlings and water , or BS W, used to characterize petroleum samples. (See also the Glossary.)... 

Bottom Settlings and Water See Basic Sediment and Water. 

In refineries and other facilities that process hydrocarbons, storage tanks may develop a layer of water below the hydrocarbons. The water typically enters the tank in small quantities, phases out, and settles at the bottom of the tank. The water can enter the tank with the process streams, through leaks in steam coils, and through leaks in the tank roof and open hatches. Sometimes, the water will create an emulsified product with the hydrocarbons. This product is referred to as a rag layer or bottoms sediment and water (BS W). 

Little has been published on the amount of salt contained in crude oils, and little consistency is evident because the brine which contains the salt tends to settle from the crude oil during handling. Thus, the salt content of oil at the field is higher than the salt content at the pipeline or at the refinery. Neither crude oil gravity nor-bottom sediment and water content appear to be related to salt content except when studying a particular field or region. Oils from various regions contain approximately the amounts of salt shown in Table 4-6. 

After 3 hours the stirring is stopped and the solution allowed to settle. By this time just about all the foil will have turned to dust, which is going to make the next step of vacuum filtration very difficult because it will plug up the filter paper in a second. So the chemist lets it settle, then pours off the liquid through the vacuum filtration setup (see methodology section). The flask is rinsed with lOOmL methanol, the methanol poured through the grey filter cake and the filter cake discarded. All of the filtrate is placed in a flask and vacuum distilled to remove all the methanol, isopropyl alcohol and water which will leave the chemist with oil and junk in the bottom of the flask. 

Corrosion and mineral debris can form in condensate lines from a variety of means, and it is not uncommon for the resultant debris accumulated over many years to slough off and return to the boiler when operating conditions change. The result is often a thick boiler-bottom sludge that settles out in the water space or baked-on sludge, which mars efficient combustion and water tube heat transfer. 

NOTE Before use for the first time, IX resins must be conditioned by soaking in water for approximately 1 hour. Resins should then be backwashed to reclassify the bed, so that the fine particles are on the top and the coarse particles are on the bottom. After backwashing, the bed should be allowed to settle and the water drained to 1 inch above the top of the bed. Regeneration should then take place. 

The behavior of two liquids that are sparsely soluble in each other is a familiar one to any experimental chemist. If we shake ether and water in a separatory funnel and observe the system at equilibrium, we see that the liquids have settled in two layers. The reader is asked to identify which liquid is the bottom layer. If water and chloroform are shaken, the system again equilibrates... 

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