Petroleum boreholes

If the acceleration is variable, as in sinusoidal movement, piezoelectric systems are ideal. In case of a constant acceleration, and hence a force that is also constant, strain gages may be employed. For petroleum applications in boreholes, however, it is better to use servo-controlled accelerometers. Reverse pendular accelerometers and single-axis accelerometers are available. 

Lubinski, A., Maximum permissible dog-legs in rotary boreholes,"/oj/rnaZ of Petroleum Technology, February 1961. 

Zhao, Donglin, The Comparison of MWD and Wireline Logs in Sandstone and Limestone Under Various Borehole Conditions, Master of Science Thesis, LSU Petroleum Engineering Department, May 1994. 

Calcined petroleum coke breeze with a high fixed carbon content of 99% is used in deepwell applications. The material has a low particle size and, with suitable additives, may be converted into a slurry and pumped into a borehole. The sulphur content of this material is high (1 -4%), yet moisture (0-2%), ash (0-4%) and volatiles (0-4%) are low. The typical resistivity of this material is 0 -15 ohm m. 

A petroleum coke with round grains is available specifically for borehole cathodic protection applications The round grains ensure high porosity and enable gas to escape, allowing the coke to sink to the base of the borehole. This material hjis a higher bulk density than petroleum coke (1 185 kgm" ) which enables it to sink to the bottom of the borehole, yet a lower fixed carbon content (93%), with higher ash (2-06%) and sulphur (5-3%) contents. The resistivity of this material is quoted as 0-1 ohmm. 

The oil used should be of a volatile type, as the more volatile oils gives the greatest sensitivity. However, the use of petroleum fractions with too low a flash point is hazardous. The choice is, therefore, usually made of a fuel oil similar to those used for diesel engines. It is common practice to add a proportion of dyestuff to the oil, partly to make adequate mixing of the explosive immediately visible, and partly to assist the user in seeing proper loading of boreholes, particularly in salt and other white materials. 

Nuclear radiation has been used for borehole and well analysis, generally referred to as logging. Detecting and measuring the radiation permits an evaluation of the properties of a formation surrounding the borehole and therefore, is used for locating and extracting, for example, radioactive mineral deposits and petroleum. 

The so-called pore pressure transmission-chemical potential test is used in the petroleum industry to assess the osmotic membrane efficiency of a shale in contact with a drilling fluid ([6, 7, 12-1]). It is motivated by the need to assess the capacity of improving the stability of a borehole in a chemically active shale by increasing the salt concentration of the drilling fluid. In this test, a saturated cylindrical sample of shale is subjected sequentially to a hydraulic... 

Mody, F.K. and Hale, A.H. (1993) A borehole model to couple the mechanics and chemistry of drilling fluid shale interaction. Proc. SPE/IADC Drilling Conf, Paper 25728, Richardson, Texas, Society of Petroleum Engineers... 

In petroleum technology, shaped charges fired from special firing mechanisms (jet perforators) are lowered into the borehole down to the level of the oil horizon. Their purpose is to perforate the pipework and the cement work at the bottom of the borehole, so as to enable the oil to enter it. 

A.S. Wagh, Chemically bonded phosphate ceramic borehole sealants. Final Report to Global Petroleum Research Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, Unpublished, 2002. 

The analyses of groundwater samples collected from hydrogeological, geothermal and petroleum exploratory boreholes and producing wells are the... 

Linjordet, A. and Skarpnes, O. 1992. Application of horizontal stress directions interpreted from borehole breakouts recorded by four-arm dipmeter tools. In T.O. Vorren et al. (Editors), Arctic Geology and Petroleum Potential, Special Publication 2. Norwegian Petroleum Society, pp. 681-690. 

Wang J, Deng J and Li B. 2000b. Numerical simulation of borehole collapse procedure and prediction on well-hole enlargement. Petroleum Drilling Techniques 28(6), pp. 13-14. 

Dusseault, M.B. 2003. Coupled Thermo-mechano-chemical Processes in Shales The Petroleum Borehole. Proceedings GeoProc 2003, Stockholm, Sweden, 8 p. 

COUPLED THERMO-MECHANO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN SHALES THE PETROLEUM BOREHOLE... 

The petroleum logging industry has been using resistivity measurements from stable platforms in open boreholes with increasing accuracy and efficiency since 1927 (Bouma et al., 1971). In situ resistivity measurements in the ocean bed were first carried out by Kermabon et al. (1969), who used a free-fall electrode-equipped probe system (Bouma et al., 1971). 

In petroleum engineering, borehole instability is associated with the uptake of water by smectites from the drilling fluid. 

As discussed, we can expect shockwaves and steep saturation discontinuities to form in time, depending on the exact form and values of our fractional flow functions and initial conditions. We will assume that the particular functions do lead to piston-like shock formation very close to the borehole. The shock boundary value problem just stated can be solved in closed form, and, in fact, is the petroleum engineering analogue of the classic nonlinear signaling problem (Pt -I- c(p) Px = 0, p = po for X > 0, t = 0, and p = g(t) for t > 0, x = 0) discussed in the wave mechanics book of Whitham (1974). 

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