Bone modeling and remodeling

Fig. 6.3 Schematic illustration of bone modelling and remodelling. Bio-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials are kept fresh in bone tissue.

Lanyon, L.E. (1993) Osteocytes, strain detection, bone modeling and remodeling. Calcified Tissue International 53 (Suppl 1) S102-S106... 

Ubios AM, Guglielmotti MB, Steimetz T, et al. 1991. Uranium inhibits bone formation in physiologic Alveolar bone modeling and remodeling. Environment Research 54 17-23. 

In epiphyseal plate cartilage growth and mineralization, nor in the mineralization process of bone. Of considerable Interest is that the vitamin D-deficient animals infused with calcium and phosphorus accumulated calcium and phosphorus in their bones to a much greater extent than animals given vitamin D. O This probably is the result of a failure of the resorption process in vitamin D deficiency, and suggests that vitamin D must play an Important role in the bone modeling and remodeling process. 

Levormeloxifene induces an increase in lumbar and tibial bone mass in a rat model and is associated with a decrease in osteocalcin and cholesterol levels, while it has a neutral effect on the uterus (Bain et al. 1997 Nowak et al. 1998). In monkeys, a decrease in bone remodeling with prevention of bone loss has... 

The transdifferentiation of HSCs into a mature hematopoietic fate (e.g., endothelium) in the heart is less controversial [148]. In animal models of stem cell therapy in ischemic heart disease, the evidence points toward increased neovascularization (with reduced myocardial ischemia) and consequent improvement in cardiac function [149-151]. Bone marrow stem cells may directly contribute to an increase in contractility or, more likely, may passively limit infarct expansion and remodeling. Unfortunately, the limitations of the present animal models leave this question unanswered. 

Abstract Compact bone is a well-organised, multi-level porous structure. Strain-derived fluid flow likely steers the activity of cells within the bone matrix, which in turn orchestrate the concerted activity of bone resorbing and bone forming cells at the surface. We present a model of the strain-driven bone remodelling proces, which could explain the mechanically optimised structure of compact bone. 

Both cortical and trabecular bone are continuously remodeled through the formation of a bone-modeling unit (BMU), or cutter-cone this process involves activation of osteoclasts, leading to resorption of bone by osteoclasts and formation of new bone by osteoblasts on the site of the old, resorbed bone (Fig. 7) (Martin and Burr, 1989). Under normal physiological conditions (i.e., in the absence of either growth or disease) the dynamics of bone remodeling maintain bone homeostasis throughout a person s lifetime. 

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