Bone modeling

Bone Modelling The generation and shaping of new bone during the period of skeletal growth. 

Fig. 6.3 Schematic illustration of bone modelling and remodelling. Bio-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials are kept fresh in bone tissue.

Goldsmith, P. (1994) Plant stems A possible model system for the transduction of mechanical information in bone modeling. Bone 15 249-250... 

Lanyon, L.E. (1993) Osteocytes, strain detection, bone modeling and remodeling. Calcified Tissue International 53 (Suppl 1) S102-S106... 

Both cortical and trabecular bone are continuously remodeled through the formation of a bone-modeling unit (BMU), or cutter-cone this process involves activation of osteoclasts, leading to resorption of bone by osteoclasts and formation of new bone by osteoblasts on the site of the old, resorbed bone (Fig. 7) (Martin and Burr, 1989). Under normal physiological conditions (i.e., in the absence of either growth or disease) the dynamics of bone remodeling maintain bone homeostasis throughout a person s lifetime. 

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of a bone modeling unit, or cutter-cone. Cross-sectional views ((a), (b), and (c)) match respective side view sections of a bone modeling unit. (Adapted and redrawn from Martin and Burr, 1989.)...

Figure 3.6 shows several types of CMP tools that have so far appeared in the market. The drawing at the center of Fig. 3.6 represents a bare-bone model, which has one wafer carrier (head) on one table. The left-hand side shows a model that has multiple wafer carriers on one table in order to increase throughput, that is, a multicarrier model. The right-hand side shows a model with several single-headed tables, that is, multitable model. 

Ubios AM, Guglielmotti MB, Steimetz T, et al. 1991. Uranium inhibits bone formation in physiologic Alveolar bone modeling and remodeling. Environment Research 54 17-23. 

Fig. 19a. Variation of plastic zone size in a 5 mm thick SEN-spechnen of HDPE al 0.5 mm below the surface, a2 l mm below the surface, a3 2 mm below the surface b Dog bone model of plastic zone radius, r, vs. SEN-specimen thickness (F = load)...

In epiphyseal plate cartilage growth and mineralization, nor in the mineralization process of bone. Of considerable Interest is that the vitamin D-deficient animals infused with calcium and phosphorus accumulated calcium and phosphorus in their bones to a much greater extent than animals given vitamin D. O This probably is the result of a failure of the resorption process in vitamin D deficiency, and suggests that vitamin D must play an Important role in the bone modeling and remodeling process. 

Maharidge R. 1984. Ultrasonic properties and microstructure of bovine bone and Haversian bovine bone modeling, thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. 

As noted in Sec. 9.2, a 3D model of a joint will be more accurate than a 2D model. If one is evaluating a long bone model in isolation, it must be decided whether the joint area is of importance and whether the model is to be constructed for static or dynamic evaluation. In a static case, if one is concerned with structures away from the articular cartilage, a simple loading or constraint system may be used successfully to represent the joint. A fully dynamic model or one that examines the joint itself will require a more complex 3D model with fixed constraints and loadings further from the joint surfaces. 

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