Bone complex structure

These requirements derive from the bone complex structure and properties. Bone is a complex and dynamic living tissue, which from morphological point of view can be divided into two types cortical or compact bone and trabecular or cancellous or spongy bone. The mass of the skeleton is composed of 80% compact bones and 20% spongy bones. Cortical and trabecular bones contain the same cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, except that they are organized in a different way. The trabecular bone consists of a porous matrix with intercormected columns filled with bone marrow and is being responsible for metabolic functions of the bone, while the cortical bone contains fewer spaces, forms the external layer of all bones and provides them protection and load-bearing capabilities (Baron, 2003, as cited in Wilson, 2011). 

Lipids include many types of compounds containing a wide variety of functional groups. You could easily prepare a solution of lipids by grinding a T-bone steak in a blender and then extracting the puree with chloroform or diethyl ether. The resulting solution of lipids would contain a multitude of compounds, many with complex structures. To facilitate the study of lipids, chemists have divided this large family into two major classes complex lipids and simple lipids. 

Although proteins are large molecules they are small compared with a cell and even with supramolecular structures which may be part of a cell, such as plasma and organelle membranes, ribosomes, chromosomes, filaments, enzyme complexes and viruses (Chap. 1). Supramolecular structures are also prominent outside cells and are, for example, essential components of connective tissues such as tendon, ligament, cartilage and bone. Supramolecular structures can consist of a variety of different types of molecule from the small (such as membrane lipids) to macromolecules (such as proteins, DNA and RNA). 

Many heterocyclic compounds of complex structure occur in nature, and many have been synthesized. Most of the basic nitrogenous substances which occur in plants and are known as alkaloids are heterocyclic compounds. When coal is subjected to destructive distillation a part of the nitrogen present is converted into ammonia, and a part into cyclic compounds which contain nitrogen as a constituent of the ring. Heterocyclic compounds are also obtained from DippePs oil, which is a product of the distillation of bones. From these sources are obtained pyridine, C5H5N, picoline, CH3.C5H4N, quinoline, C9H7N, etc.. ... 

The knowledge about bone tissue structure and morphology described in detail in [2, 13, 20-25] proves to be very complex because bone is arranged in several hierarchical structures. Rational design of artificial implant materials should take into account the tissue s characteristics - the more similarities possessed by the fabricated implant to the bone tissue (biomimetism), the greater the chance of acceptance of the alien system by the human organism. 

Generally, vertebral compression fractures are a consequence of osteoporosis, a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and a micro-architectural weakening of bone tissue. Considering that vertebral column is a complex structure whose aim is to provide mobility, flexibility and support to the upper part of the human body along with protection to the spinal cord maintaining as well as restoring it to its natural shape is essential. In particular, the vertebral body bears up to 20% of the compressive force supported by the human body [26]. Computed tomography scans of fractured... 

The complexity and versatility of materials made by nature are the envy of scientists. We are only beginning to be able to create materials that have the strong yet porous structure of bone or the strength and flexibility of spider silk (Section 19.13). However, some materials are not strong they are soft and flexible. These materials, some of which are described in the following two sections, are also important to industry and medicine and some are vital to life. 

Figure 20 Representation of the design rationale for two novel, bone-targeting pTyr mimics, Dmp and Dpp, relative to an x-ray structure [16] of citrate complexed with Src SH2.

The proteins are complex biological substances that make up the structural elements of the body of animals and fulfill many body functions (see Textbox 59). Each protein has different and unique functions. Their uniqueness depends on the number and order of amino acids within their polymeric chains. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the cells, tissues, and organs of living organisms. Some proteins make up the structural elements of the body, such as specific organs, muscles, skin, blood, or part of the bones. Others perform specific body functions examples are some hormones, known as peptide hormones,... 

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