Bone cells attachment

Lugscheider E, Knepper M, Gross KA (1992) Production of spherical apatite powders— The first step for optimized thermal-sprayed apatite coatings. J Thermal Spray Techn 1 215-223 Luklinska ZB, Bonfield W (1997) Morphology and ultrastractrrre of the interface between hydroxylapatite-polyhydroxybutyrate composite implant and bone. J Mater Sci Mater in Med 8 379-383 Lumbikanonda N, Sammons R (2001) Bone cell attachment to dental implants of different stuface characteristics. Inti J Oral Maxillofac Implants 16 627-636 Luo P, Nieh TG (1996) Preparing hydroxylapatite powders with controlled morphology. Biomaterials 17 1959-1964... 

Chitosan coatings are able to support bone cell attachment and growth... 

Hamilton V et al (2007) Bone cell attachment and growth on well-characterized chitosan films. Polym Int 56(5) 241-247... 

Bone is a natural composite comprised of type I collagen and calcium phosphate minerals, of which nanocrystalline apatite is the main component [39, 40]. Certain osteoconductive bioceramics exert an effect on bone cell attachment and growth factor binding or release, and can accelerate the treatment of bone defects [41-43]. Polymer composite scaffolds can be produced, via electrospinning, which contain a specific amount of electrical charge in order to form non-woven fibrous meshes with fibre dimensions in the nano- to microscale [44-46]. 

Most kidney transplant procedures are heterotopic, where the kidney is implanted above the pelvic bone and attached to the patient s iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the transplant kidney is attached directly to the recipient s bladder or native ureter. The native kidneys usually are not removed, and data have shown that under most circumstances, removal of the native kidneys does not influence patient survival and allograft survival. Special circumstances, however, such as renal cell carcinoma and PCKD, may necessitate native kidney removal.1,3 There were 16,477 (9914 deceased donors, 6563 living donors) kidney transplants and 903 simultaneous kidney-pancreas procedures done in 2005.3... 

A closely related challenge is the design of materials that interact with cells or living tissues to promote desired biological responses. Such responses might be cell attachment, cellular differentiation and organization into functional tissue, or promotion of in-growth of bone into an artificial prosthesis such as an artificial hip. 

These last few decades many ceramic materials have been used as implants. This development will be discussed in the next paragraphs. As far as the present state of affairs is concerned, nature is still the best engineer. The ideal implant has not yet been found. Pure titanium is best tolerated by living tissue. However, increasingly often a porous surface layer is applied to the metal. In this way it is easier for the bone cells to attach themselves to the metal. In addition we now use materials which were thought to be unsuitable in the past. Improved surgical techniques and the development of antibiotics have been of vital importance here. 

Steele, J. G, McFarland, C., Dalton, B. A., Johnson, G, Evans, M. D. M., Howlett, C. R., and Underwood, P. A., Attachment of human derived bone cells to tissue culture polystyrene and to unmodified polystyrene The effect of surface chemistry upon initial cell attachment. /. Biomat. Sci. Polymer Ed. 5, 245-257 (1993). 

The non-pattemed CaCOj films could be observed to crystallize within 1 h by optical microscopy. However the patterned films stayed amorphous for 2-3 h under ambient conditions and were only completely crystalline after 24 h, which is probably due to the use of ethanol in the patterning procedure, as this is known to stabilize ACC (amorphous calcium carbonate). Subsequently cell culture experiments were performed and the results indicated that the CaCOj substrates support rat bone marrow stromal cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation into osteoblast and osteoclast-like cells. Moreover, mineral formation by the osteoblast-like cells was favored on the CaCOj films compared to the developed polymer films. Also, the osteoclast-like cells can degrade the CaC03 films. Therefore, these patterns of CaCOj films can be regarded as suitable 2D model substrates for bone cells. 

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