Blood specific gravity

By TEM of the poly-lipid liposome/lipid-heme the diameter was ca. 350 A (Fig. 9) and it did not change before and after the polymerization. The gel permeation chromatography and the ultracentrifugation of the liposome/heme showed that all of 77 was entrapped within the liposome. Solution properties of the poly-lipid liposome/ lipid-heme were almost the same as those of human blood specific gravity 1.012, viscosity 3.75-4.12 cp, and osmotic pressure 334 mOsm. The solution of the polylipid liposome/lipid-heme was stable and could be stocked for months without precipitation and change of the particle size, i.e. without aggregation and fusion of the liposome, at ambient temperature. 

Color, yellow character, hazy glucose (-) ketones (-) specific gravity 1.020 pH 5.0 (+) protein coarse granular casts, 5 to 10/low-powered field white blood cell (WBC) count, 5 to 10/high-powered field red blood cell (RBC) count, 2 to 5/high-powered field no bacteria nitrite (-) blood small osmolality 325 mOsm urinary sodium 77 mEq/L (77 mmol/L) creatinine 63 mg/dL (5569 pmol/L)... 

Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinalysis, urine osmolality, specific gravity. 

The ICH S7A states that the effects of the NCE on renal parameters should be assessed for example, urinary volume, specific gravity, osmolality, pH value, fluid/electrolyte balance, proteins, cytology, and blood chemistry determinations such as blood urea... 

The clinical biochemical features reflect the biochemical and physiological effects. Thus, there is reduced plasma bicarbonate, low plasma calcium, and raised potassium. Crystals, blood, and protein may all be detected in the urine (crystalluria, hematuria, and proteinuria, respectively), and the urine may have a low specific gravity. 

The kidney is an important organ that filters materials from the blood that are harmful, or in excess, or both. These materials are excreted in the urine. A number of tests are routinely run in clinical laboratories on urine samples. These involve the measurements of glucose or reducing sugars, ketone bodies, albumin, specific gravity, and pH. 

The vasopressins cause reabsorption of water by increasing renal permeability, thus concentrating the primary urine. If the vasopressin level is too low, the reabsorption of water is no longer ensured, so that large quantities of urine of low specific gravity are excreted (water diuresis = diabetes insipidus). With high doses of vasopressin the blood pressure and the intestinal peristalsis are increased. 

Blood for serum creatinine is collected at various time intervals up to 12 months. In association with this, 24-hour urines are collected for measurement of creatinine, protein, and specific gravity. 

Whole blood and urine pH and Pco2 are measured quantitatively by an electrode blood-gas system and HCO3 concentrations are calculated. Plasma and urine Na+ and K+ concentrations are measured by flame photometry and CP concentrations by electrotitration. Plasma total protein concentrations and urine specific gravity are measured by refractometry, and hematocrits are determined by a microcapillary reader. Urine osmolalities are determined by freezing-point osmometry. Plasma creatinine concentrations are determined by the Jaffe method without deproteiniza-tion. 

A dose of 1 pg desmopressin acetate has antidiuretic activity that is equivalent to 4U arginine vasopressin. Desmopressin acetate has recently been evaluated in normal horses. The author and coworkers diluted desmopressin acetate (0.1 mg/ml) nasal spray in sterile water and administered 0.05pg/kg i.v. (25 pg, equivalent to 100 U of antidiuretic activity in a 500 kg horse) to horses with polyuria induced by repeated nasogastric intubation of water for 3 days. Urine was collected for 8h after desmopressin acetate administration and there was an increase in urine specific gravity to >1.020 from 2 to 7h after administration (Fig. 10.2). The drug had no effects on heart rate or systemic blood pressure. These preliminary data demonstrate that the i.v. administration of desmopressin acetate appears to be safe and a useful tool for the evaluation of horses with DI. 

Serum separator tubes are available (Table 2-2) that contain an inert, thixotropic, polymer gel material with a specific gravity of approximately 1.04. Aspiration of blood into the tube and subsequent centrifugation displace the gel, which settles like a disk between cells and supernatant when the tube is centrifuged. Relative centrifugal force (RCF) must be at least 1100 Xg for gel release and barrier formation. Release of intracellular components into the supernatant is prevented by the barrier for several hours or, in some cases, for a few days. These separator tubes may be used as primary containers from which serum can be directly aspirated by a number of analytical instruments. 

M29. Mortensen, R. A., and Hardinge, M., The determination of albumin and globulin in blood serum by specific gravity measurements. J. Lab. Clin. Invest. 28,1649-1654 (1943). 

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