Blood flow, regulation

Renal Blood Flow Regulation and Arterial Pressure Fluctuations a Case Study in Nonlinear Dynamics, Physiol. Rev. 74, 637-681 (1994). 

Blood flow regulation systems are disturbed in acute focal brain ischemia when an increase in blood pressure, but not of arterial PaC02, causes a rise of CBF (Shima et al. 1983). Disturbances of flow regulation are not confined to the ischemic focus... 

Autonomic outputs. Hypoglycaemia and hypothermia both lead to snstained sympathetic responses. Subjects feel hungry and eat if possible, bnt they refine their other actions to suit the circumstances. Hypoglycaemia requires hepatic glycogenolysis and glnconeogenesis, while hypothermia requires increased heat prodnction and a redistribntion of blood flow. Sympathetic activity is controlled by the hypothalamns, which instrncts the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin. This is a rather blunt control, and so localised sympathetic responses (such as blood flow regulation) are mediated by individnal nerves. Parasympathetic activity can also respond to the hypothalamus, which controls the nnclens of the solitary tract. 

Gladwin, M.T., Crawford, J.H., and Ratel, R.R. 2004. The biochemistry of nitric oxide, nitrite and hemoglobin Role in blood flow regulation. Free Radical Biology Medicine, 36 707-17. 

Knowledge of cerebral blood flow regulation, and the relationship between cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism, has had a major influence on the understanding of the pathophysiology of impaired perfusion reserve and acute ischemic stroke (Frackowiak 1986 Marchal et al. 1996 Baron 2001 Rutgers et al. 2004). 

Berne, RM, Winn, HR, Knabb, RM, Ely, SW and Rubio, R, Blood flow regulation by adenosine in heart, brain and skeletal muscle. In Regulatory functions of adenosine, (eds. Berne, RM, Rail, TW and Rubio, R), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1983,293-317. 

Stamler JS, Jia L, Eu JP, McMahon TJ et al (1997) Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosoheittoglobin in the physiological oxygen gradient Science 276 2034-2037. 

The eicosanoids are a diverse group of extremely powerful hormonelike molecules produced in most mammalian tissues. They mediate a wide variety of physiological processes. Examples include smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, pain perception, and blood flow regulation. Eicosanoids are also implicated in several diseases such as myocardial infarct and rheumatoid arthritis. Because they are generally active within the cell in which they are produced, the eicosanoids are called autocrine regulators instead of hormones. Most eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid (20 4A5-81114), which is also called 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. (Arachidonic acid is synthesized from linoleic acid by adding a three-carbon unit followed by decarboxylation and desaturation.)... 

The molecular structure of the smooth muscle Kjr channel is unknown, although, based on its properties, it is likely to be a member of the IRK family. Inward rectifier potassium currents have been identified in small cerebral, coronary (see Fig. 2A), and mesenteric arterioles (<200 i.m diameter). The presence of K[r channels may be a common feature in small arteries that determine in large part peripheral vascular resistance. It is not known if Kjr channels are exclusively present in small arteries, although they have not yet been reported in larger vessels. Innervation of this size artery (<100-200 j.m) is usually sparse and therefore small arteries may be more prone to respond to metabolic demand from the tissue, as reflected by potassium efflux. Thus, the appearance of K,r channels may reflect a transition of blood flow regulation to local (tissue) control. This is an intriguing hypothesis that remains to be tested. It will be important to study systematically the distribution of the K r channel within a vascular bed, as this may have physiological consequences. Kir channels, like K and K jp channels. 

Cerebral blood flow and muscle blood flow regulated by arterial pCo2. 

Ursino M., Colantuoni A., and BertugUa S. Vasomotion and blood flow regulation in hamster skeletal muscle microcircnlation a theoretical and experimental study. Microvasc. Res. 56 233-252, 1998. 

Berne RM, Winn HR, Knabb RM, Ely SW, Rubio R (1983b) Blood flow regulation by adenosine in heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. In Berne RM, Rail TW, Rubio R (eds) Regulatory Function of Adenosine. Boston Martinus Nijhoff Publishing... 

Singel DJ, Stamler JS. 2005. Chemical physiology of blood flow regulation by red blood cells the role of nitric oxide and S-nitrosohemoglobin. Annu Rev Physiol 67 99-145. 

Biphasic waveforms, 28-18 Biplanar radiography method, in wrist joint study, 49-27 Bipolar electrodes, 28-6 Birch, L.H., 18-8 Blackstone, E.H., 10-9 Blindsight, 4-8 Blink reflex, 4-2 Blix,M 8-13 Bloebaum, R.D., 50-10 Blood flow regulation,... 

Panerai, R.B., Simpson, D.M., Deva"son, S.T., Mathony, P., Hayes, P., Evans, D.H. (2000) Multivariate dynamic analysis of ca"ebral blood flow regulation in humans. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 47 419-423. 

Kerckhoff, W., Hossmann, K. A., Hossmann, V., 1983 No effect of prostacyclin on blood flow, regulation of blood flow and blood coagulation following global cerebral ischaemia. Stroke 14, 724-730. 

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