Blast furnace energy consumption

There have been sporadic attempts to produce aluminum by carbothermic reduction [3, 4]. In this approach, akin to the way iron oxides are reduced to iron in the iron blast furnace, the consumption of electrical energy is avoided or at least reduced. There have also been investigations of the production of aluminum by electrolysis of aluminum compounds other than the oxide (e.g. [5]). Some of these alternative electrolytic technologies have even reached a commercial scale [6] but the only method for aluminum production in industrial use today appears to be electrolysis in Hall-Heroult cells. Consequently, the present paper is confined to these cells. The literature on these cells is large. A recent search of the web of science with the subject Hall cell and similar subjects revealed 79 titles aluminum electrolysis yielded 109 publications. This number excludes papers published in the annual Light Metals volume of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society (TMS). Light Metals contains approximately forty papers each year on Hall cells. Consequently, the authors have made no attempt at a comprehensive examination of the literature on these topics. Rather we have included... 

Brazilian cement plants are relatively modem due to the country s more recent industrialization in comparison with many other countries. For example, the average energy consumption per tons of cement produced in Brazil is 112 kWh/t, while in the United States this is around 140 kWh/t. The efforts of companies in the sector have achieved significant progress in terms of more efficient production systems with lower energy consumption. At the same time, the use of additives mixed with clinker, such as blast furnace slag, also has helped reduce C02 emissions per tonne of cement, because this pollutant is formed during the production of clinker. 

The power consumption In the iron and steel industries amounts to 20 of the total energy used by the USA, most of which is obtained from coal [10]. The conversion of coal to coke can be exploited In three ways (a) coke is a source of heat and a blast furnace fuel for the production of pig iron (b) one-third of the coke oven gas (COG) is used as fuel for underfiring coke furnaces (c) the other two-thirds of the COG is used for reheating of furnaces in steel production plants. These reasons make necessary the analysis of COG and the fumes from blast furnaces and steel production plants —mainly H2, CH4, CO, CO2 and O2). Prior to analysis, the samples must be conditioned (Fig. 16.6) by removing tar, water and light oils. Hydrogen is normally measured by... 

Energy Consumption for the Sinter Plant-Blast Furnace.259... 

ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR THE SINTER PLANT-BLAST FURNACE... 

On this basis the Kivcet process has very similar net energy consumption to the sinter plant-blast furnace. This may be surprising for an intensive process, but results from the high use of electric power for both the electric furnace and for oxygen production and the low efficiency of conversion of heat energy to electrical energy in comparison with its direct use. 

Adding the energy required for concentrate supply to the energy inputs for smelting gives the total energy consumption for the production of primary lead by the standard blast furnace-thermal refining approach as close to 30 000 MJ/t of refined lead. 

Today, coal production has reached 3.3 billion toe. The consumption of coal has changed considerably in recent decades. In 1950, coal was still by far the dominant fossil energy, for example, in Europe with a share of 83%. Today, the share of coal is only 21%. Industrial processes of coal utilization can be divided into three areas, pyrolysis to blast furnace coke and gaseous by-products, coal combustion for heat and electricity production, and coal gasification to syngas. 

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