Limestone bituminous

Stink-farbe, /. old weak tan liquor, -fluss, -flussspat, m. fetid fluor spar (bituminous fluorite), -harz, n. asafetida. -kalk, m. anthraconite (bituminous limestone), ohle, /. fetid coal, -mergel, m. fetid marl (bituminous marl), -ol, n. fetid oil, specif, animal oil. -quarz, m. fetid quartz (bituminous quartz), -raum, m. gas chamber, -raum-probe, /. gas-chamber test, -schiefer, m. fetid shale, -spat, m. = Stinkfluss. -stein. 

There is another family. of limestones termed the swineetone, and bituminous limestone or sometimes stinketme or fetid limestone, from its giving out an offensive smell when nibbed against any hard substance. This mineral is dark in the color, owing to the carbonaceous matters combined with it, and very hard hut when burned it is white, and forms an. excellent pure lime and a good flux. 

Figure 1. Lithology, variations with depth of (a) carbonate content, (b) A1203 content, (c) P205 content, (d) total S content (organically and inorganically bound sulfur) and (e) total organic carbon for the Jurf ed Darawish oil shale and the three lithologically defined Facies (bituminous limestone, bituminous calcareous marl and phophorite) are schematicaly depicted.

Petroleum is a normal component of sedimentary rocks of marine origin and every sedimentary rock, no matter where it occurs, contains some deposits. Petroleum takes advantage of any permeable rock pointing toward the surface to rise as high as can. Hydrocarbon seepages, asphalts found on the surface of the soil, bituminous shales, bituminous limestones, and fossil paraffins are all evidence of this. They may indicate underground deposits of petroleum but often they are proof of evaporation and natural exhaustion over time. 

Ores of antimony sometimes occur m the Devonian rocks of Rhenish Prussia between Wintrop and Meutrop, four miles from Arnsberg, where are found bands of bituminous limestone from 6 inches to 18 inches in thickness, interstratified between clay slates and siliceous shales. Stil)uite penetrates all these strata, which are overlain by Millstone Grit. Tt is-also noticed that the stibnite accumulates more plentifully towards the middle part of the various beds, but gradually thins out near the bedding planes of deposition. Sometimes fragments of the country are included in the more massive portions. (D.)... 

For a bituminous coal containing 3 percent siilfur with limestone sorbent and a combustion temperature of 1115 K (1550°F), combus-... 

The main purpose of magnesia addition to a limestone wet scrubbing system is to facilitate high S02 removal. For a wet scrubber that cleans flue gas from a utility coal-fired boiler, the scrubber inlet gas S02 concentration is typically about 700 ppm by volume per one weight percent sulfur in the fired coal. For sub-bituminous coal having only 0.7 weight percent sulfur content, the inlet S02 concentration is about 500 ppm, and, for example, the outlet S02 has to be less than 50 ppm to achieve 90 percent removal. In order to avoid serious inhibition of mass transfer because of S02 back-pressure, the equilibrium S02 partial pressure should be about four or more times lower than the actual S02 partial pressure in the gas. Thus, Figure 3 indicates that for this low-sulfur coal system, the scrubber inlet pH should be at least 5.5, and the outlet pH at least... 

For high-sulfur bituminous coal containing 4.0 weight percent sulfur, the scrubber inlet S02 concentration is about 2800 ppm, and the required outlet S02 for 90 percent removal is 280 ppm. S02 back-pressure should not be a limiting factor for a scrubber inlet pH of at least 5.0 with an outlet pH of at least 4.6. Thus, limestone stoichiometries as low as 1.1 are feasible with high-sulfur coal and a well-designed scrubber system. 

Bituminous sand a formation in which fhe bifuminous material (see Bitumen) is found as a filling in veins and fissures in fractnred rocks or impregnating relatively shallow sand, sandstone, and limestone strata a sandstone reservoir that is impregnated with a heavy, viscons black petroleumlike material that cannot be retrieved throngh a well by conventional production techniqnes. 

Because of transportation costs, the proximity of limestone sources to points of use is highly desirable. The major uses of limesione are in construction lasphalt filler, road stone, riprap, and bituminous aggregatel in Portland cement in agriculture and in metallurgy. ... 

Figure 12 Phenanthrene sorption coefficients on different organic substrates. KpR is the Freundlich coefficient and oc is organic carbon content. Remaining symbols are per table 2 of Kleineidam et aL (1999) D/L—dark/light, L—limestone, S—sandstone. Met— igneous and metamorphic rocks, Qz—quartz, and BS— bituminous shale (reproduced by permission of American Chemical Society from Environ. ScL TechnoL, 1999, 33, 1637-1644).

The Middle Devonian Marcellus Formation consists of black bituminous shale and minor argillaceous limestone lying conformably on the Dundee Formation limestones. Its depositional setting resembles that of the Whitby Formation and the Marcellus... 

Fly ash starts out as impurities in coal, mostly clay, shales, limestone, and dolomite, which ends up as ash, and fuse at high temperature becoming glass. Two U.S. classifications of fly ash are produced. Class C and Class F, according to the type of coal used. Class C fly ash, typically obtained from subbituminous and lignite coals, must have more than 50% total of silica, alumina, and iron oxide. Class F fly ash, typically obtained from bituminous and anthracite coals, has more than 70% of these oxides. 

Dense limestones are widely used in asphalts (also called bituminous macadam). The properties which determine the suitability of an aggregate are its ... 

Generally, bituminous binders adhere well to limestones and are resistant to stripping [8.1]. Section 26.5 describes the use of hydrated lime as an anti-stripping agent. 

In the case of bituminous coal, the relatively inexpensive smalls grade was widely used. The coal was introduced to the kiln at the top of the calcining zone, either by hand-shovelling or by mechanical projection, into a space created by a narrowing of the shaft (see section 16.4.2 for details). After charging, the kiln was drawn to cover the bed of coal with pre-heated limestone. 

The convection pass cools the flue gas and entrained particulate matter from about 1145 K (1600°F) to below 645 K (700°F). For bituminous coal with a combustion temperature of 1115 K (1550°F), a recycle ratio of 2.5 (mass rate of particulate recycle to coal feed rate) increases combustion efficiency to over 97 percent from around 90 percent without recycle. For a bituminous coal containing 3 percent sulfur, 90 percent sulfur capture is achieved with limestone as sorbent at a calcium-to-sulfur (Ca/S) molar ratio of 2.3 and a recycle ratio of 2.5. A Ca/S molar ratio of over 3.4 is required when there is no recycle. The recycled material also enters the bed through T nozzles, one per 7 m (72 ft ) of bed floor area. A means of distributing the particulate flow from the multiclones to the feed lines and overcoming the... 

Determination of the calcium carbonate content of limestone filler aggregate for bituminous mixtures is conducted in accordance with CEN EN 196-2 (2013). 

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