Bitumen metals concentrations

Table V shows metal distributions in two other domestic tar sand fractions. In the Battle Creek bitumen from Wyoming, bitumen metals and porphyrins are concentrated in the asphaltenes, as expected. Fractions obtained from the Edna, California outcrop have vanadium-to-...

Flotation or froth flotation is a physicochemical property-based separation process. It is widely utilised in the area of mineral processing also known as ore dressing and mineral beneftciation for mineral concentration. In addition to the mining and metallurgical industries, flotation also finds appHcations in sewage treatment, water purification, bitumen recovery from tar sands, and coal desulfurization. Nearly one biUion tons of ore are treated by this process aimuaHy in the world. Phosphate rock, precious metals, lead, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and tin-containing ores as well as coal are treated routinely by this process some flotation plants treat 200,000 tons of ore per day (see Mineral recovery and processing). Various aspects of flotation theory and practice have been treated in books and reviews (1 9). 

The raw minerals mined from natural deposits comprise mixtures of different specific minerals. An early step in mineral processing is to use crushing and grinding to free these various minerals from each other. In addition, these same processes may be used to reduce the mineral particle sizes to make them suitable for a subsequent separation process. Non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, mercury, and antimony are typically produced from mineral ores containing these metals as sulfides (and sometimes as oxides, carbonates, or sulfates) [91,619,620], The respective metal sulfides are usually separated from the raw ores by flotation. Flotation processes are also used to concentrate non-metallic minerals used in other industries, such as calcium fluoride, barium sulfate, sodium and potassium chlorides, sulfur, coal, phosphates, alumina, silicates, and clays [91,619,621], Other examples are listed in Table 10.2, including the recovery of ink in paper recycling (which is discussed in Section 12.5.2), the recovery of bitumen from oil sands (which is discussed further in Section 11.3.2), and the removal of particulates and bacteria in water and wastewater treatment (which is discussed further in Section 9.4). 

Compared with a high-sulfur, metal-rich crude oil from the Boscan field of Venezuela (3), the vanadium contents of most of the tar sand bitumens see Table I) are relatively low, particularly in view of the high sulfur values of some of the bitumens. If tar sand bitumens are the residues of crude oils which have lost their light ends, it might be expected that metals, which are always concentrated in the heavier... 

Several mixtures are made using dried aggregate and various ratios of bitumen emulsion, water and additive (Portland cement or lime, and chemical additive). Mixing time shall be within the range of 1 to 3 min when mixed at 25°C 1°C. After mixing, the slurry mix is placed in a conical form, which is then removed and allows it to flow on a metal plate having engraved concentric circles. 

In the common dry cell the electrolyte is a concentrated ammonium chloride solution containing some zinc chloride and a small amount of mercury(II) chloride. The latter is reduced to mercury at the zinc surface, which reduces the corrosion (q.v.) rate and adds to the shelf life of the cell. The usual form of the cell is a zinc container, acting as anode, next to which is a layer of the electrolyte mixture made into a gelled paste by addition of starch or flour. Inside this is the Mn02-C mixture surrounding a central carbon rod the latter is fitted with a metal cap to act as positive terminal, and the cell is sealed with a bitumen layer. 

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