Bitumen Applications

The design process for the determination of binder (conventional bitumen) application rate of spread for 10 mm or larger chippings or 7 mm or smaller chippings (when the average... 

I and II, type III asphalt is thin enough to penetrate masonry, wood, and paper to provide a bond for other bitumen applications. It is also used to wet surfaces (e g., metal). Depending on requirements, type III can be made from soft, ductile asphalt as well as harder-base asphalts for application to dense, metal, or porous surfaces. 

Road paving. This includes bitumen, cutbacks and fluxed bitumen as well as emulsions. Each of these products is subject to very special application techniques. This list is completed by the use of poured asphalt, even though this product is better suited to smaller surfaces sidewalks, courts, etc., than to pavements. Since the middle of the 1980 s, air-blown bitumen is no longer used for road construction. 

The industrial applications, for which blown bitumen are very often used. Some of the industrial applications are given below ... 

The principal characteristics of bitumen are its softening point and its needle penetrability. In France the latter has always been the basis for bitumen classification and class designation. Yet, the former is more representative of a bitumen s capacity to deform when the service temperature increases. The other properties have more or less importance depending on the application. 

Field coating of welds has always presented problems. Straw and jute with a greasy material was employed in 1910, but this later saponified in the soil. By chance the pharmacist Schade of Berlin learned of this problem and recommended the use of petroleum jelly in a bandage-like application. Hot-applied bitumen bands, as used by pipe works since 1928. proved to be most durable. Since 1930, electrical measuring methods have played an important part in research into insulation bands and pipe coverings carried out by the Gas Institute in Karlsruhe, the present-day Engier-Bunte Institute 18). 

Because of their wide compatibility and solubility, coumarone resins are used considerably in the paint and varnish industry. The resins also find application as softeners for plastics and rubbers such as PVC, bitumens and natural rubber. 

Thus, based on material applications, the following polymers are important natural rubber, coal, asphaltenes (bitumens), cellulose, chitin, starch, lignin, humus, shellac, amber, and certain proteins. Figure 4 shows the primary structures of some of the above polymers. For detailed information on their occurrence, conventional utilization, etc., refer to the references cited previously. 

An interesting application of sprayed aluminium is for resistance to high-temperature oxidation up to 900°C. The article is grit-blasted and aluminium sprayed, usually to a thickness of 0-008 in (0-2 mm). It is then treated with a sealing composition which may be bitumen or water-glass, and is diffusion annealed in a furnace at 850 C for approximately 30 min. The final coating... 

Macpherson T, CW Greer, E Zhou, AM Jones, G Wisse, PCK Lau, B Sankey, MJ Grossman, J Hawari (1998) Application of SPME/GC-MS to characterize metabolitres in the biodesulfurization of organosulur model compounds in bitumen. Environ Sci Technol 32 421 26. 

There are six stabilization techniques currently available however, only two of them have found widespread application. These are cementation and stabilization through the addition of lime and fly ash.25 26 There is currently developmental work being undertaken to make use of bitumen, paraffin, and polymeric materials to reduce the degree to which metals can be taken into solution. Encapsulation with inert materials is also under development. 

MacPherson, T. Greer, C.W. Zhou, E., et al., Application of SPME/GC-MS to Characterize Metabolites in the Biodesulfurization of Organosulfur Model Compounds in Bitumen. Environmental Science Technology, 1998. 32(3) pp. 421—426. 

Shell s microbiological desulfurization process is carried out by mixing coal with an aqueous biocatalyst solution [158], The coal considered in this invention concerns bituminous coal containing inorganic sulfur (pyritic).This process seems to be applicable to refinery pet-coke, which contains sulfur in the form of inorganic sulfides. Nowadays, when coke has become one of the major products of heavy oil and bitumens refining, such desulfurization processes might have potential uses. 

The two patents awarded to Valentine [26,27] concern with desulfurization and both are applicable to the biotreatment of bitumen fuels. The first one deals with desulfurization of Orimulsion , which is a bitumen derived fuel in an O/W emulsion form. Therefore, it seems than the inventor wanted to take the advantage of having the water already incorporated in the feedstock and alleviate the mass transfer limitations of the biotreatment. The second one deals with bitumens in general. 

TPEs find use in automotive, wire and cable, footwear, polymer modification, hose and tube, mechanical, bitumen modification, construction, adhesives and coatings, and film/sheet applications. 

Stockpiles of milled peat are prevented from self heating and ignition by sprayed application of bitumen emulsion to form a 2-2.5 mm protective permeable film [1], The mechanism of self heating and ignition first involves aerobic microbiological processes, then chemical transformation of iron-containing minerals in the peat into pyrophoric iron compounds which later ignite the peat mound [2],... 

SBS applications are generally in footwear, adhesives, bitumen modification, low-specification seals and soft-touch grips. 

The share of the TPS in the TPEs is estimated at approximately 40%. If applications such as polymer modifiers and bitumen additives are excluded, the percentage goes down to approximately the same order of magnitude as that of the TPOs. 

As with most nonpolar hydrocarbon-intense polymers, bitumens exhibit good resistance to attack by inorganic salts and weak acids. They are dark, generally brown to black, and their color is difficult to mask with pigments. They are thermoplastic materials with a narrow service temperature range unless modified with fibrous fillers and/or synthetic resins. They are abundant materials that are relatively inexpensive, thus their use in many bulk applications. 

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