Bipolar metallic

Chen, J. F., Salas, A., and Springer, T. A. (2003). Bistable regulation of integrin adhesiveness by a bipolar metal ion cluster. Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 995-1001. 

At AT T, RTV silicone is widely used in all of our Bipolar, Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) and Hybrid Integrated Circuitry (HIC) encapsulation. 

In the Bell System for bipolar, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) and hybrid integrated circuitry (HIC), RTV silicone elastomer has proven to be one of the most effective encapsulants for mechanical, moisture and alpha particle protection of the IC devices. This RTV material is also one of a few commercial polymer materials that meet most of the Bell System encapsulant specifications. However, the RTV material occasionally experiences some material variations and creates production problems in IC devices shop coating. ... 

Reformate hydrogen Bipolar metal plates (end plates) Membrane (Nafion )... 

The lshi2uka cell (39—41), another multipolar cell that has been ia use by Showa Titanium (Toyama, Japan), is a cylindrical cell divided ia half by a refractory wall. Each half is further divided iato an electrolysis chamber and a metal collection chamber. The electrolysis chamber contains terminal and center cathodes, with an anode placed between each cathode pair. Several bipolar electrodes are placed between each anode—cathode pair. The cell operates at 670°C and a current of 50 kA, which is equivalent to a 300 kA monopolar cell. 

The electrolytic cells shown ia Figures 2—7 represent both monopolar and bipolar types. The Chemetics chlorate cell (Fig. 2) contains bipolar anode/cathode assembhes. The cathodes are Stahrmet, a registered trademark of Chemetics International Co., and the anodes are titanium [7440-32-6] Ti, coated either with mthenium dioxide [12036-10-17, RUO2, or platinum [7440-06-4] Pt—indium [7439-88-5] Ir (see Metal anodes). Anodes and cathodes are joined to carrier plates of explosion-bonded titanium and Stahrmet, respectively. Several individual cells electrically connected in series are associated with one reaction vessel. 

Fig. 1. Technological trends A, components per chip B, minimum feature length , metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory A, bipolar memory I MOS logic n, bipolar logic. The designations SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI stand for small-, medium-, large-, and very large-scale iategration, respectively.

The electrolyte is a perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer, commercially available under the trade name of Nafion . It is in the form of a membrane about 0.17 mm (0.007 in) thick, and the electrodes are bonded directly onto the surface. The elec trodes contain veiy finely divided platinum or platinum alloys supported on carbon powder or fibers. The bipolar plates are made of graphite or metal. 

The anode material in SOF(7s is a cermet (rnetal/cerarnic composite material) of 30 to 40 percent nickel in zirconia, and the cathode is lanthanum rnanganite doped with calcium oxide or strontium oxide. Both of these materials are porous and mixed ionic/electronic conductors. The bipolar separator typically is doped lanthanum chromite, but a metal can be used in cells operating below 1073 K (1472°F). The bipolar plate materials are dense and electronically conductive. 

Figure 6. Bipolar precipitates consisting of an inner anion-selective layer and an outer cation-selective layer.19 When the electrode is polarized to the more noble side, protons and chloride ions are kept from permeating through the film, so that anodic dissolution of the substrate metal is blocked. (Reproduced from N. Sato, Corrosion, 45 354, 1989, Fig. 24 with permission of NACE International.)...

It has been recently found that direct electrical contact, via a metal wire, to the catalyst-electrode is not necessary to induce the effect of electrochemical promotion.8 11 It was found that it suffices to apply the potential, or current, between two terminal electrodes which may, or may not, be catalytically active. The concept appears to be very similar with that of the bipolar design used now routinely in aqueous electrochemistry. 

The micro structured platelets, hold in a non-conducting housing, were realized by etching of metal foils and laser cutting techniques [69]. Owing to the small Nemst diffusion layer thickness, fast mass transfer between the electrodes is achievable. The electrode surface area normalized by cell volume amounts to 40 000 m m". This value clearly exceeds the specific surface areas of conventional mono- and bipolar cells of 10-100 m m. ... 

Two types of EDL are distinguished superficial and interfacial. Superficial EDLs are located wholly within the surface layer of a single phase (e.g., an EDL caused by a nonuniform distribution of electrons in the metal, an EDL caused by orientation of the bipolar solvent molecules in the electrolyte solution, an EDL caused by specific adsorption of ions). Tfie potential drops developing in tfiese cases (the potential inside the phase relative to a point just outside) is called the surface potential of the given phase k. Interfacial EDLs have their two parts in dilferent phases the inner layer with the charge density in the metal (because of an excess or deficit of electrons in the surface layer), and the outer layer of counterions with the charge density = -Qs m in the solution (an excess of cations or anions) the potential drop caused by this double layer is called the interfacial potential... 

Binders (TbC) 671 Bipolar pulse conductivity detector (LC) 588 Bonded phases (GC) 125 crosslinked 126 estersils 125 nonextractable 126 siloxane 125 Bonded phases (LC) 324 carbon loading 335 cleavage of ligands 336 eluotropic strength (LSC) 382 endcapping 326 hydrophobicity 364 metal impurities 369 models for surface 337 physical characteristics 333, 366... 

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