Needle applicator

Figure 18.4 Pulse generator and applicator electrode for in vivo electroporation. The applicator electrode shown here consists of six needles and is used for intra-tumoral and intra-muscular applications in large animals. Two needle applicator electrodes for use in rodent muscles are commercially available.

With the advent of new biotechnological techniques endogenous compounds like insulin, buserelin or octreotide have become available at affordable prices. All of these substances still have to undergo needle application. Until today the development of alternative delivery systems for the nasal, buccal, peroral, rectal and pulmonary routes for the administration of those class III drugs according to the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) (Amidon et al. 1995) could not keep pace with this development of endogenous compounds or is not economic enough for the health care payers (e.g. insulin application via the pulmonary route). 

We must now link this application to its geometry. Double click on the Needle application to open the Application Editor (Fig. 4b). 

Figure 5 Needle applicator KMl 1000 from Kent Moore.

Plate 15 Needle applicator for cold glue (source Robatech Switzerland). 

Viscosity and rheology must be adapted to the application system some need very fluid adhesives, for instance, spray guns need viscosities from 100 to 1000 mPa sec, needle applicators for electronics need also very fluid adhesives in order to flow through the fine diameter of the needle. 

The principal characteristics of bitumen are its softening point and its needle penetrability. In France the latter has always been the basis for bitumen classification and class designation. Yet, the former is more representative of a bitumen s capacity to deform when the service temperature increases. The other properties have more or less importance depending on the application. 

Sekatskii S K and Ketokhov V S 1996 Single fluorescence centres on the tips of crystal needles first observation and prospects for application in scanning one-atom fluorescence microscopy Appl. Phys. B 63 525-30... 

Radon is still produced for therapeutic use by a few hospitals by pumping it from a radium source and sealing it in minute tubes, called seeds or needles, for application to patient. This... 

Jotile-Thomson Valves The principal function of a J-T valve is to obtain isenthalpic coohng of the gas flowing through the valve. These valves generally are needle-type valves modified for cryogenic operation. They are an important component in most refrigeration systems, particularly in the last stage of the liquefac tion process. Joule-Thomson valves also offer an attractive alternative to turboexpanders for small-scale gas-recovery applications. 

The mono salt tends to produce needles while the di-basic salt results in crystals that are more granular. Ammonium phosphate finds application as a fertilizer. 

The product crystals find industrial application as a component raw material for optical glass, fibreglass, Braun tubes, electric condensers, barium ferrite, etc. Needles shaped crystals are obtained at high pH, while pillar-shaped crystals are formed at neutral pH. The formation of carboxyl ions is via hydroxy ions at high pH, but at neutral pH it may accompany the production of hydrogen sulphide, as... 

Mathews and Rawlings (1998) successfully applied model-based control using solids hold-up and liquid density measurements to control the filtrability of a photochemical product. Togkalidou etal. (2001) report results of a factorial design approach to investigate relative effects of operating conditions on the filtration resistance of slurry produced in a semi-continuous batch crystallizer using various empirical chemometric methods. This method is proposed as an alternative approach to the development of first principle mathematical models of crystallization for application to non-ideal crystals shapes such as needles found in many pharmaceutical crystals. 

An important application of some sodium alcohol sulfates, particularly those based on C12 and C12-CI4 and produced in powder and needle forms, is as the basic surfactant ingredient in toothpastes. Sodium and triethanolamine lauryl sulfates are also components of shaving creams. 

This highly conjugated molecule was stabilised with nitroxyl biradical side chains. The resulting material had sufficient ferromagnetism that a usable compass needle could be made from it. Despite the success of this demonstration, organic ferromagnetism remains a curiosity. Such polymers are not likely to replace conventional ferromagnetic metals in any application within the foreseeable future. 

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