Biota Arctic

Hulten, E. 1937. Outline of the history of arctic on boreal biota during the quaternary period. 

Heptachlor and cw-chlordane, both of which are chiral, produce caged or half-caged structures (Figure 1.8) on irradiation, and these products have been identified in biota from the Baltic, the Arctic, and the Antarctic (Buser and Muller 1993). 

Bignert A, Riget F, Braune B, Outridge P, Wilson S. 2004. Recent temporal trend monitoring of mercury in Arctic biota — how powerful are the existing data sets J Environ Monitoring 6 351-355. 

Hargrave, B.T., Phillips, G.A., Vass. W.P.. Bruecker. P.. Welch. H.E.. and Siferd. T.D. Seasonality in bioaccumulation of organochlorines in lower tropic level arctic marine biota. Environ. Sci. Technol, 34(6) 980-987. 2000. 

Muir DCG, Shearer RG, Van Oostdam J, Donaldson SG, Eurgal C (2005) Contaminants in Canadian arctic biota and implications for human health Conclusions and knowledge gaps. Science of the Total Environment 352 539-546... 

Warner, N.A., Norstrom, R.J., Wong, C.S. and Fisk, A.T. (2005) Enantiomeric fractions of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls provide insights on biotransformation capacity of Arctic biota. Environ Toxicol Chem, 24, 2763-2767. 

Low PCN concentrations were found at remote air monitoring stations at Dunai, Russia and Alert, Canada [19,20] and at Tagish, a subarctic site in western Canada [20]. LRT is also implied by the occurrence of PCNs in Arctic [22-24] and Antarctic biota [23]. 

Muir D (2004) New contaminants in arctic biota. In Smith S, Stow J, Carrillo F (eds) Synopsis of research conducted under the 2003-2004 Northern Contaminants Program, Indian and Northern Affairs, Ottawa, p 139... 

Concentrations of PFAs have been determined in a range of biota from the North American Great Lakes (Tables 12-16 and Fig. 9). Concentrations of PFAs in the biota of the Great Lakes were similar to those from other urbanized and industrialized areas of North America and Europe [16,94,98-100]. However, they are less than those in wildlife in more remote locations such as the open ocean or Arctic and Antarctic [ 17,88,89,95,101 ]. 

MBB Marine Biota Block, containing the set of models of energy flows in the trophic chains of the Arctic Basin ecosystem (Krapivin, 1995 Legendre and Legendre, 1998 Legendre and Krapivin, 1992). 

Ratios of total PCB PBDE concentrations for P. viridis tissues have been calculated and are reported in Table 15.10. This ratio varies between 0.2 and 17. The mean ratio for samples from Singapore is close to 7, a value previously reported for Arctic biota samples (Christensen et al., 2002). However, stations W3 and E8, had respective ratios of 0.2 and 17, and therefore are likely affected by one or more specific local sources of contamination. The lack of correlation between these two pollutants in our study indicates that the sources of PCB and PBDE contamination are independent of each other. The difference may be due to the types of local industrial activities that are present, with emphasis on the electronics industry and shipping activities. 

The alternative hypothesis suggests a direct route, where long-range oceanic transport can account for the presence of PFCAs in the Arctic Ocean and thus in Arctic biota [14,163, 164]. As will be discussed later in more detail, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS have been reported in open ocean waters of the Pacific and Atlantic and in coastal waters of Japan, Korea and China [95,112,165]. Modelling studies indicate that the observed PFOA concentrations in oceans can be accounted for by historical and projected PFOA emissions [14, 163, 164]. 

Braune BM, Outridge PM, Fisk AT, et al. Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic An overview of spatial and temporal trends. Sci Total Environ 2005 351-2 4-56. 

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