Bioprocessing microorganisms

Bioprocess plants are an essential part of food, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Use of microorganisms to transform biological materials for production of fermented foods, cheese and chemicals has its antiquity. Bioprocesses have been developed for an enoimous range of commercial products, as listed in Table 1.1. Most of the products originate from relatively cheap raw materials. Production of industrial alcohols and organic solvents is mostly originated from cheap feed stocks. The more expensive and special bioprocesses are in the production of antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Industrial enzymes and living cells such as baker s yeast and brewer s yeast are also commercial products obtained from bioprocess plants. 

Decolorization of azo dyes by WRF technology improvements will require integration of all major areas of industrial biotechnology novel enzymes and microorganisms, functional genomics, protein engineering, biomaterial development, bioprocess design and applications. 

It is often necessary to dose nutrients into the bioprocess to achieve a good performance. However, this leads to nutrients entering the whitewater system with the reused water. As microbial activities in the whitewater systems are generally nutrient limited, the increased supply of nutrients may lead to a considerably increased growth of microorganisms and increased slime problems, rather than the decrease that is the aim of biotreatment [81]. 

The deconvolution of spectra is the topic of a paper by Vaidyanathan et al.58 The authors use the somewhat complex matrix of mycelial bioprocesses for a model. Throughout the reactions of five different unicellular microorganisms, biomass, external proteins, penicillin, T-sugars, and ammonium were measured vs. time. Each analyte was justified from spectral interpretation. The spectral range used was from 700 to 2500 nm, with specific regions used for each experiment. 

Immobilisation of microorganisms Two-phase bioprocess with an organic solvent as the precursor reservoir Resting cells instead of growing ones Precursor-tolerant (solvent-tolerant) strains Fungal spores instead of mycelia... 

Although 2-phenylethanol can be synthesised by normal microbial metabolism, the final concentrations in the culture broth of selected microorganisms generally remain very low [110, 111] therefore, de novo synthesis cannot be a strategy for an economically viable bioprocesses. Nevertheless, the microbial production of 2-phenylethanol can be greatly increased by adding the amino acid L-phenylalanine to the medium. The commonly accepted route from l-phenylalanine to 2-phenylethanol in yeasts is by transamination of the amino acid to phenylpyruvate, decarboxylation to phenylacetaldehyde and reduction to the alcohol, first described by Ehrlich [112] and named after him (Scheme 23.8). 

Bioprocess plants using microorganisms and/or enzymes, such as fermentation plants, have many characteristics similar to those of chemical plants. ITius, a chemical engineering approach should be useful in the design and operation of... 

Temperature Ihe temperature in a bioreactor is an important parameter in any bioprocess, because all microorganisms and enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they function most efficiently. For example, optimal temperature for cell growth is 37 °C for Escherichia coli and 30 °C for Saccharomyces sp, respectively. Although there are many types of devices for temperature measurements, metal-resistance thermometers or thermistor thermometers are used most often for bioprocess instrumentation. The data of temperature is sufficiently reliable and mainly used for the temperature control of bioreactors and for the estimation of the heat generation in a large-scale aerobic fermentor such as in yeast production or in industrial beer fermentation. 

By way of genetic engineering, microorganisms with meiabolic capacities, unknown of as recently as 15 years ago. have been produced. Coal bioprocessing developments are directed to three objectives ... 

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