Ligands biomolecules

Modification of electrode surfaces with polymer is seeking the same objective as with monolayers, i.e., the improvement of the analytical performances in terms of selectivity and sensitivity. These improved performances can be achieved by the nature of the polymer itself (e.g., perfluorinated cation-exchanger Nafion ) or by the incorporation of chemical functionalities. Recognition elements (e.g., biomolecules, ligands) can be entrapped during the polymerization process (electro- or photopolymerization) or attached after polymerization by chemical grafting or by... 

In aqueous solution, the water molecule (L) can be replaced by other ligands including a range of biomolecules. The nature of the molecule bound affects the position and relaxation time of the dihydrogen resonance (and also JHD when D20 is present). Both the dihydrogen and the water can... 

Amadasi, A., Spyrakis, E., Cozzini, P., Abraham, D.)., Kellogg, G. E Mozzarelli, A. Mapping the energetics of water-protein and water-ligand interactions with the natural HINT force field predictive tools for characterizing the roles of water in biomolecules. J. Mol. Biol. 2006, 358, 289-309. 

Fig. 10. N4 ligand systems for conjugation 99mTc to biomolecules R = in vivo targeting biomolecules (e.g., biotin [100, 101], somatostatin receptor-avid peptide [103,104])...

Free energy calculations rely on a well-known thermodynamic perturbation theory [6, 21, 22], which is recalled in Chap. 2. We consider a molecular system, described by the potential energy function U(rN), which depends on the coordinates of the N atoms rN = (n, r2,..., r/v). The system could be a biomolecule in solution, for example. We limit ourselves to a classical mechanical description, for simplicity. Practical calculations always consider differences between two or more similar systems, such as a protein complexed with two different ligands. Therefore, we consider a change in the system, such that the potential energy function becomes ... 

There are several methods used to conjugate DOTA and other polyaminocarboxylate ligands to biomolecules.140,141 The simplest method, commonly used in solid-phase peptide synthesis, is the... 

Nanoparticle surface modification is of tremendous importance to prevent nanoparticle aggregation prior to injection, decrease the toxicity, and increase the solubility and the biocompatibility in a living system [20]. Imaging studies in mice clearly show that QD surface coatings alter the disposition and pharmacokinetic properties of the nanoparticles. The key factors in surface modifications include the use of proper solvents and chemicals or biomolecules used for the attachment of the drug, targeting ligands, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids etc. for their site-specific biomedical applications. The functionalized or capped nanoparticles should be preferably dispersible in aqueous media. 

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