Biomolecule immobilization

Important criteria for biomolecule immobilization are high functionality of the chip surface high immobilization capacity optimized density of functional groups stable linkage between the biomolecule and the solid support good accessibility for the interacting molecules low non-specific binding. 

S.J. LASKY and D.A. BUTTRY, "Sensors Based on Biomolecules Immobilized on the Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance", ACS Symp. Ser. 403 (1989) 183. 

With the increasing interest in and application of DNA and protein microarrays, biosensors, cell surface interactions, and biomedical implants, various systems and strategies for the immobilization and patterning of biomolecules have been developed and some have become well established. A wide diversity of chemical methods for biomolecule immobilization on inorganic substrates has been implemented by different research groups. Often, the choice of the method is a compromise between effectiveness, cost, and technology. In consideration of stability and durability of the attached biomolecules, certainly, the covalent attachment has to be preferred. 

TIRF is currently the most developed technique for the study of 2D arrays of biomolecules immobilized on the surface of planar waveguides. A portable... 

For all the procedures described in this section, microscope slides are used as the silica-based support and are labeled with a diamond scribe away from the biomolecule immobilization region. Other silica-based surfaces have also been used. Two slides are placed back-to-back into a Coplin jar with the etched numbers to the outside. 

Chapter 6 of this text has presented means to chemically modify transducer surfaces for active layer production, and practical examples of sensor fabrication using polymeries and other chemical layers are presented starting with chapter 13. The purpose of this chapter will be to review methods for immobilizing chemical and biological molecules onto activated and polymeric sensor surfaces with an emphasis on biomolecule immobilization. 

Lasky S J and Buttry D A 1989 Sensors based on biomolecules immobilized on... 

Three-dimensional hydrogels provide a suitable matrix for biomolecule immobilization because they... 

Biochip is a broad term indicating the use of microchip technology in molecular biology and can be defined as arrays of selected biomolecules immobilized on a surface. Most of the biochips use nucleic acids as information molecules but protein biochips are also proving to be useful. The basics of protein biochip construction are similar to those of DNA chip as the glass or the plastic surface is dotted with an array of molecules (these... 

Lisboa et al. extensively exploited the possibilities of XPS analysis to study different graft polymer layers prepared by UV-induced free radical polymerization on poly (pyrrole) (PPy) films [9]. The aim was to prepare carboxylic acid or amine functionalized PPy for biomolecule immobilization. The contribution of the PPy carbon atoms in the Cls peak disappeared after a grafting time of 1200 s for acrylic acid and almost completely disappeared after 1500 s for allylamine, indicating that the PPy surface was completely covered with the graft polymer. For quantification of the amount of carboxylic acid and amine functionalities, a derivatization of the functional groups with trifluoroetha-nol and 4-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde, respectively, was necessary. 

Biological modification (biomolecule immobilization) Chemical reaction or functional group modifications (e.g., acetylation, chlorination, oxidation, reduction, ozonization + grafting)... 

Slow, K.S., Britcher, L., Kumar, S. et al. 2006. Plasma methods for the generation of chemically reactive surfaces for biomolecule immobilization and cell colonization. Plasma Process Polym. 3 392-418. 

Fig.1 Different platforms for biomolecule immobilization or biosensor surface modifications a reactive ester-terminated SAM on gold b substrate-supported lipid bilayer on glass (structure of 1.2-dimyristoyl-sM-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, DMPC) c substrate-immobilized lipid vesicle d spin-coated thin film of a reactive homopolymer, such as poly(JV)-hydroxysuccinimidyl methacrylate (PNHSMA with tunable thickness dfiim the reactive groups are located in a region near the surface with depth the reactant molecules and reactive moieties in the film are schematically depicted as bars and dots, respectively)...

Sensors Based on Biomolecules Immobilized on the Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance... 

Conducting polymers (CPs) are very popular matrices suitable for biomolecule immobilization in biosensors [44]. They show a suitable flexibility and can be chemically modified as required. The advantage of CPs is that their electrochemical synthesis allows direct deposition of a polymer on the electrode surface while... 

Regardless of the specific linking chemistry and substrate employed, the key goals in all biomolecule immobilization strategies are ... 

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