Biomolecule analysis

Pregibon, D. C., Toner, M. and Doyle, P. S. (2007). Multifunctional encoded particles for high-throughput biomolecule analysis. Science 315, 1393-6. 

Biomolecules Analysis Introduction Fluorescence-based Biosensors... 

LC/MS interfaces that accommodate miniaturized formats for biomolecule analysis such as nanoelectrospray (Wilm and Mann, 1996) or microelectrospray (Figeys et al., 1996) with a variety of mass-detection devices ranging from triple quadrupole (Swiderek et al., 1998), TOF (Medzihradszky et al., 1998), quadrupole TOF (Morris et al., 1996 Hanisch et al., 1998), and ion traps (Figeys and Aebersold, 1997 Arnott et al., 1998) appear to be headed for tremendous growth. Future developments with instrumentation and improvements in performance will drive this growth, which will permit the facile conversion to automated approaches (Ducret et al.,... 

D. B. Kassel,T. G. Consler, M. Shallaby, P. Sekhri, N. Gordon, and T. Nadler, Direct coupling of an automated 2-dimensional microcolumn affinity chromatography-capillary HPLC system with mass spectrometry for biomolecule analysis. Techniques in Protein Chemistry VI, Academic Press, New York, 1995, pp. 39-46. 

DIRECT COUPLING OF AN AUTOMATED 2-DIMENSIONAL MICROCOLUMN AITINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY-CAPILLARY HPLC SYSTEM WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR BIOMOLECULE ANALYSIS... 

The dielectric spectroscopy is an essential probe for nondestructive studies required for biomolecule analysis. The study of internal motion/dynamics related to the dielectric relaxation in biomolcules require the coverage of periodic vibration along with other mechanisms, such as diffusion, molecular orientations, and relaxation processes. 

Nano-RPS systems have found great potentials in biomolecule analysis such as DNA and proteins at the single-molecule level. In order to obtain a nanosized sensing channel, nanolithography techniques, such as electron beam lithography (EBL), focused ion beam (FIB), and even natural nanopores, have been introduced. Although these techniques... 

Mass spectrometry. 2. Spectmm analysis—Instruments. 3. Molecular spectroscopy. 4. Biomolecules—Analysis. I. Title. 

Figure 7.1 Silicon micropillar array electrospray ionization (fiPESI) chip, (a) (A) Setup of the pPES measurements. (B) Eormation of the Taylor cone and spray from the small (4 mm X 9 mm) fiPESI chip. The diameter of the pillars was 60 /tm and the distance between the pillars was 15 pm. The liquid sample contained 95% acetonitrile, 4.9% water and 0.1% formicacid. The high voltageappliedtothechipwas3kV. (b) Schematic of the cross-sectional and top views of the chip design during fabrication [34]. Reproduced from Nissila, T, Sainiemi, L, Sikanen, T, Kotiaho, T, Eranssila, S., Kostiainen, R., Ketola, R.A. (2007) Silicon Micropillar Array Electrospray Chip for Drug and Biomolecule Analysis. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21 3677-3682 with permission from John Wiley and Sons...

Nissila, T., Sainiemi, L., Sikanen, T Kotiaho, T Franssila, S Kostiainen, R., Ketola, R.A. (2007) Silicon Micropillar Array Electrospray Chip for Drug and Biomolecule Analysis. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21 3677-3682. 

Ahmadi AG, Zhengchun P, Hesketh PJ, Sankar N (2010) A wafer-scale process for fabricating arrays of nanopore devices for biomolecule analysis. J Microlithogr Microfabr Microsyst 9(3) 033011... 

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is also an efficient tool for large biomolecule analysis [27]. MALDI-TOF MS has several advantages over other methodologies, including speed of analysis, high sensitivity, and wide applicability with a good tolerance toward contaminants, and ability to analyze complex mixtures [28]. 

Advances in mass spectrometry have made it a tool of exceptional power for analysis of large biomolecules. Electrospray ionization, MALDI, and other soft ionization techniques for nonvolatile compounds and macromolecules make possible analyses of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biologically relevant compounds with molecular weights up to and in excess of 100,000 daltons. Electrospray ionization with quadrupole mass analysis is now routine for biomolecule analysis as is analysis using MALDI-TOF instruments. Extremely high resolution can be achieved using Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT ICR, or FTMS). We shall discuss ESI and MALDI applications of mass spectrometry to protein sequencing and analysis in Sections 24.5E, 24.13B, and 24.14. 

Bohrer, B.C. Merenbloom, S.I. Koeni-ger, S.L. Hilderbrand, A.E. Clemmer, D.E. Biomolecule Analysis by Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 2008,1,293-327. 

This article provides a brief introduction to the various applications of mass spectrometry to biomolecule analysis. More detailed discussions of particular applications of mass spectrometry to such analyses can be found in other articles in this encyclopedia. 

Mass spectrometric measurements of biomolecules involve the determination of molecular mass, or of the masses of various components of the original molecule, which can then be related to various structural properties, such as sequence. In either case, the crucial step lies in the conversion of liquid- or solid-phase solutions of the analytes into gaseous ions. Common ionization sources used in mass spectrometry for biomolecule analysis experiments are fast-atom bombardment (FAB), ESI and MALDI. FAB was... 

Table 1 Summary of mass spectrometry techniques used in biomolecule analysis...

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