Biomaterials overview

Overview of bioceramics and related biomaterials incorporating fluoride ions 281... 

OVERVIEW OF BIOCERAMICS AND RELATED BIOMATERIALS INCORPORATING FLUORIDE IONS... 

This contribution will provide a review of polylectrolytes as biomaterials, with emphasis on recent developments. The first section will provide an overview of methods of synthesizing polyelectrolytes in the structures that are most commonly employed for biomedical applications linear polymers, crosslinked networks, and polymer grafts. In the remaining sections, the salient features of polyelectrolyte thermodynamics and the applications of polyelectrolytes for dental adhesives and restoratives, controlled release devices, polymeric drugs, prodrugs, or adjuvants, and biocompatibilizers will be discussed. These topics have been reviewed in the past, therefore previous reviews are cited and only the recent developments are considered here. 

It is the unique properties exhibited by polyelectrolytes that have led to their use in a variety of biomedical applications. Therefore, any discussion of polyelectrolytes as biomaterials should provide some insight into the properties of polyelectrolyte systems. In this section, an overview of polyelectrolyte properties will be presented, including polyelectrolyte solutions, gels, and complexes. The purpose of this section is not to provide an exhaustive review of polyelectrolyte thermodynamics but to provide background information for the ensuing discussion of biomedical applications of polyelectrolytes. 

Heller, J. Development of poly(ortho esters) A historical overview. Biomaterials 11 659-665, 1990. 

C. R. Gardner, Potential and limitations of drug targeting an overview, Biomaterials 6 153 (1985). 

There are several reports of the use of silk in biomaterials. Kluge et al. (2008) provide a good overview of application of spider silks including recombinant versions. In addition to spider silks there are other types of silks that provide distinct and useful properties, such as those derived from mussels which will presumably become targets for recombinant protein production (Carrington, 2008). 

Biological and physiological criteria are related to the specific applications of biomaterials in the body. Fundamentals of blood compatibility are analyzed expertly in the overview by Hoffman (16) included in this volume. Blood-compatible biomaterials should not cause cancer or teratological effects, and they should not be toxic. Toxicity may be related to functional groups of the polymer surface structure, or to migration of residual monomers under quiescent or flow conditions. 

In Hildebrand HE, Veron C and Martin P (1989a) Nickel Chromium Cobalt dental alloys and allergic reactions an overview. Biomaterials 10 545-548. 

The sections that follow provide a schematic overview of the polymeric materials most used in drug delivery systems. For more details, readers are referred to other recent books for aspects of biomaterials that are not covered in detail here. For example, biocompatibility and interactions with implanted polymers are reviewed in several edited volumes [2, 13, 14]. 

Hoffman, AS. Blood-biomaterial interactions - an overview. Advances in Chemistry Series Nol 99, American Chemical Society Washington, DC. 1982 p.3. 

Heller J. Development of polyCortho esters) a historical overview. Biomaterials 1990 11 659-665. 

The review by Barrows is brief with an emphasis on their applications with an extensive Hsts of patents. The book and chapter by Chu et al. focuses on the most successful use of biodegradable polymers in medicine, namely wound closure biomaterials like sutures. It is so far the most comprehensive review of aU aspects of biodegradable wound closure biomaterials with very detailed chemical, physical, mechanical, biodegradable, and biological information. The chapter by Kimura is an overview of the subject with... 

Li X-T, Zhang Y, Chen G-Q (2008) Nanofibrous polyhydroxyalkanoate matrices as cell growth supporting materials. Biomaterials 29 3720-3728 Lim S, Teong LK (2010) Recent trends, opportunities and challenges of biodiesel in Malaysia an overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14 938-954 Lim YY, Sudesh K (Unpublished). 

Chu, C.-C. Biodegradable polymeric biomaterials An updated overview. In (Bronzino, J. D., ed.J, The Biomedical Engineering Handbook Second Edition, 2000. 

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