Biogenic solids

Arrhenius G. (1988) Rate of production, dissolution and accumulation of biogenic solids in the ocean. Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 67, 119-146. 

The major mechanical forces that affect chemical processes—coupling P->C—are mechanical stresses or pressures that deform crystal lattices, affect the solid density and chemical potentials, and cause disaggregation or aggregation of solid particles on a macroscopic scale. The reverse coupling of the chemical effects on solids—C- P -includes a very broad category of chemical reactions in a solid state, reactions of mineral or biogenic solids with waters and atmospheric gases, and corrosion of metals. 

In order to understand the chemical factors which can determine the morphology of biogenic solids some knowledge of crystal growth processes in inorganic systems is discussed. Three related processes are considered ... 

Solubilities of the Mg-caldte as a function of MaCOn constant. The solubility is expressed in line with Eq. (8.11) as lAP g-calcite = (Ca2 1 ) (Mg2+) CO 2). The solid curves represent the general trend of results on dissolution of biogenic and synthetic Mg-calcites. The curve fitting the data of Plummer and Mackenzie (1974) is dashed. The various points refer to the results of different researches. (For the origin of the data see Morse and Mackenzie, 1990.) (IAP = ion activity product.)... 

We may differentiate between direct conversion of biomass into bioenergy (electricity and heat, solid fuels from biogenic wastes and residues, biogas, etc.) and biofuels. Catalysis has a minor role in the first case but is a critical element in the production of biofuels. However, notably, there are also potentially interesting developments related to bioenergy. 

The chemical weathering of crustal rock was discussed in Chapter 14 from the perspective of clay mineral formation. It was shown that acid attack of igneous silicates produces dissolved ions and a weathered solid residue, called a clay mineral. Examples of these weathering reactions were shown in Table 14.1 using CO2 + H2O as the acid (carbonic acid). Other minerals that undergo terrestrial weathering include the evaporites, biogenic carbonates, and sulfides. Their contributions to the major ion content of river water are shown in Table 21.1. 

Marine snow Large, loosely aggregated solids composed of biogenous and Uthogenous particles. The organic material is often colonized by microbes. 

EPA Rat Oral Subchronic Study with Ethyl Ether. Prepared by American Biogenics Corporation for the Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC, 1986... 

American Biogenics Corporation. 1988. Ninety day gavage study in albino rats using nickel. Final report submitted to U S. Enviromnental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Submitted by Research Triangle Institute and American Biogenics Corporation. 

Knicker, H. (2000). Biogenic nitrogen in soils as revealed by solid-state nC and 1SN NMR spectroscopy. J. Environ. Qual. 29,715-723. 

Wood, black liquor, other wood waste, biogenic municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, agriculture byproducts, other biomass, geothermal, solar thermal, photovoltaic energy, and wind. 

Non-biogenic municipal solid waste, batteries, chemicals, hydrogen, pitch, purchased steam, sulfur, tire-derived fuel, and miscellaneous technologies. 

Includes energy from wood and wood-derived fuels municipal solid waste from biogenic sources, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts and other biomass (through 2000, also includes non-renewable waste such as municipal solid waste from non-biogenic sources, and tire-derived fuels) and fuel ethanol and biodiesel consumption, plus losses and co-products from the production of fuel ethanol and biodiesel. 

Form of chromatography in which mobile solvent passes through a column packed with a non-polar solid phase. The organic molecules are then detected fluorimetrically or electrochemically. Commonly used to determine trace concentrations of biogenic amines. 

Calhoun, J. C. Zoller, W. H. Charlson, R. J. Kelly, W. R. Isotope Analysis for Understanding the Importance of DMS in the Production of Excess Sulfate over the Remote Oceans. Solid Source Mass Spectrometry The Technique and its Application. 194th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society Biogenic Sulfur in the Environment Symposium, New Orleans 1987,261-2. 

The solid carbonate can also present several potential difficulties in solubility studies. These can be broken down into two major areas heterogeneity in composition, and excess free energy associated with lattice strain or defects and surface free energy. The problem of solid heterogeneity presents itself in most sedimentary carbonates, and is especially important in biogenic carbonates such as magnesian calcites. The problem of lattice strain and high defect density is most... 

Figure 3.10. Unit cell edge ratio c/a (A) and volume (B) versus composition for biogenic magnesian calcites. Solid line is quadratic least-squares fit to data for synthetic calcites, and dashed line represents straight line between calcite and disordered dolomite. (After Bischoff et al., 1985.)...

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