Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine in Surgery

When a multicellular organism sustains injury, it restores homeostasis by one of two mechanisms. The first is the formation of a restorative biological matrix to reestabhsh both physical and physiological continuity of the damaged area. This primarily occurs by the formation of connective tissue and scar formation. Scar tissue lacks the physical and functional properties of 

As mentioned previously, to circumvent sourcing issues, several groups have identified alternative sources of neonatal and adult mesenchymal progenitor cells, from adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, umbilical cord tissue [11], and other organs. It is now generally accepted that mesenchymal progenitor cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal cells, are perivascular cells [12], and reside in the perivascular niche [13,14], which may explain their relative abimdance in more vascular tissue like adipose and muscle. 

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