Biochemical nitrogen fixation

Ineffectiveness often involves cross-inoculation groups strains of bacteria that produce effective nodules on some plant species may produce ineffective nodules on other species. A single plant may be infected with both good and bad strains and in this case the poor strains may act as partial inhibitors of nitrogen fixation. Ineffective nodules usually develop little or no bacteroid tissue, and the growth of the meristematic tissue at the tip of the nodule may be markedly curtailed. The most distinctive feature of ineffectiveness is the absence of hemoglobin which is believed to play an important part in the biochemical nitrogen fixation process. 

Recently, the ammonia synthesis was called as the setting sun industry and someone also lamented the foreground obscuration of the chemistry of nitrogen fixation, in particular, in the research area of organometallic biochemical nitrogen fixation. However, ammonia is a fundamental building block for modern society and is essential for ammonia synthesis industry which drives the innovation and development of ammonia synthesis catalyst forward. 

Hille, R. (2005) Molybdenum-containing hydroxylases, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 433, 107-116. Howard, J.B. and Rees, D.C. (2006) How many metals does it take to fix N2 A mechanistic overview of biological nitrogen fixation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 17088-17093. Knowles, J.R. (1991) Enzyme catalysis not different, just better, Nature, 350, 121-124. 

Biochemically, Mo draws attention because it is an essential enzyme cofactor in nearly all organisms, with particular importance for nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction and sulfite oxidation. Such biochemical ubiquity is surprising in view of the general scarcity of Mo at the Earth s surface. 

To the broader biochemical community the term non-heme iron proteins has frequently suggested a limited group of low-molecular-weight proteins confined to electron transfer between enzymes in a limited number of reactions, such as nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis. ... 

A large number of ferredoxin-dependent enzymes have been identified in bacteria . Flavodoxin will replace ferredoxin in most of these. Among the biochemical processes in which these proteins function are nitrogen fixation, hydrogen production and sulfate reduction. 

Igarishi, R.Y. Seefeldt, L.C. (2003) Nitrogen fixation the mechanism of the Mo-dependent nitrogenase. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 38, 351-384. 

E. I. Stiefel and R. R. Chianelli, in Nitrogen Fixation, The Chemical-Biochemical-Genetic Interface , ed. A. Muller and W. E. Newton, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983, p. 341. 

Nitrogen fixation. Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be converted by biochemical reactions to an organic form. This reaction is carried out by a very limited number of microorganisms. 

Figure 9.3 Plot of the base 10 logarithm of the apparent equilibrium constant K for the nitrogen fixation reaction (see reaction 9.5-2) versus pH at 298.15 K (see Problem 9.2). [With permission from R. A. Alberty, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 389, 94-109 (2001). Copyright Academic Press.]...

The fixation of nitrogen is the most fundamental biochemical process after photosynthesis. It is the process whereby atmospheric nitrogen is reduced to ammonia. Nitrogen fixation can be carried out by blue-green algae, some yeasts, and especially bacteria. The reduction of nitrogen... 

Muller, A., Newton, W. E. (eds.) Nitrogen Fixation Chemical/Biochemical/Genetics Interface, New York, Plenum Press 1981... 

From a biochemical point of view, the summation of the ENDOR studies on nitrogenase FeMo-cofactor interacting with carbon-containing small molecules is an electron inventory of the resting state, lo-CO form, and ethyne-bound form (Sepri), resulting in the proposal that the resting state is two electrons more oxidized than the substrate/inhibitor-bound forms and further, that these forms could be placed into the context of the Lowe-Thomeley scheme of nitrogen fixation. 

Howarth, R. W., Marino, R., and Cole, J. J. (1988b). Nitrogen fixation in freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. 2. Biochemical controls. Limnol. Oceanogr. 33, 688—701. 

Whiting, G., andMorris,. (1986). Nitrogen fixation in a salt marsh Its relationship to temperature and an evaluation of an in situ chamber. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18, 515-521. 

L. E. Mortensen Survey Progr. Chem. 4, 127 (1968) Nitrogen fixation 37 (54) A biochemical view... 

Dean, D.R., Jacobson, M.R. (1992). Biochemical genetics of nitrogenase. In Biological Nitrogen Fixation. (Stacey G. et al. eds). Chapman and Hall, New York. 763-834. 

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