Bio-organism

DREIDING is an all-purpose organic or bio-organic molecule force field. It has been most widely used for large biomolecular systems. It uses five valence terms, one of which is an electrostatic term. The use of DREIDING has been dwindling with the introduction of improved methods. 

Biological catalysts — enzymes — are usually proteins. The development of new protein syntheses is nowadays dominated by genetic protein engineering (see section 4.1.2.6). Bio-organic approaches towards novel catalytically active structures and replicating systems try to manage without biopolymers. 

High-resolution observation of dynamics of bio-macromolecules in cells and bio-organisms atomic or molecular level, regional or focused observation, three-dimensional analysis ... 

Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin TVansactions I Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry (1841) " PC 12... 

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a set of materials with different structures and properties. They are among the most important materials of modern nanoscience and nanotechnology field. They combine inorganic, organic, bio-organic, coUoidal, and polymeric chemistry and are chemically inert. They are insoluble in any solvent and their chemistry is in a key position toward interdisciphnary applications, for example, use as supports for catalysts and catalytic membranes [20, 21]. 

Phosphorylation by protein kinases of specific seryl, threonyl, or tyrosyl residues—and subsequent dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases—regulates the activity of many human enzymes. The protein kinases and phosphatases that participate in regulatory cascades which respond to hormonal or second messenger signals constimte a bio-organic computer that can process and integrate complex environmental information to produce an appropriate and comprehensive cellular response. 

The materials that accumulate to form sedimentary rocks are (i) products of disintegration (weathering) of rocks, (ii) volcanic ejecta, (iii) insoluble decomposition products, (iv) precipitated substances from aqueous solutions, and (iv) bio-organically derived substances. 

Posthumus, M. A. Kistemaker, P. G. Meuzelaar, H. L. C. Laser desorption-mass spectrometry of polar nonvolatile bio-organic molecules. Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 985-991. 

State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, PR China... 

Fig. 1.14. A scheme of the effect of the rise in atmospheric oxygen on the balance of oxidation states of several elements in the environment. The lines are drawn as oxidation strengths of elements at pH 7.0 against an H+/H2 oxidising power of —0.42 V at this pH. The initial balance of each element some 4 x 109 years ago is close to the H+/H2 line, hence many are reduced, while the state today is close to the 02/H20 line, whence many are oxidised. Thus in time, elements have moved from reduced states to oxidised states seen in their balances, which can be calculated, see Table 6.1. We are only concerned here with inorganic and not with bio-organic chemistry.

This feature of the organic food consumer - the belief that organic products lack the negative credence attributes associated with conventional agriculture and food production, is illustrated by Tables 6.4 and 6.5. In Germany 2000 consumers were asked what they most associated with bio (organic) products. The various responses are shown in Table 6.4 the responses are ranked according to the most frequently mentioned association. 

S. Poyard, N. Jaffrezic-Renault, C. Martelet, S. Cosnier, and P. Labbe, Optimization of an inorganic/ bio-organic matrix for the development of new glucose biosensor membranes. Anal. Chim. Acta 364, 165-172 (1998). 

In turn, the concentration of C02 in the atmosphere depends on the mass of the biosphere and its rate of decay after death, and on the carbonic-anhydrase concentrations in the sea surface. In future predictions of the rate of increase of C02 partial pressure in the atmosphere due to burning fossil fuels, it will be important to include the interaction of the atmospheric C02 with the bio-organic reservoir and the catalyzation of its absorption into the sea by means of the action of carbonic-anhydrase dissolved in sea water, considerations which have not been taken into account in past computations. 

In the process of making bio-organic matter, plants store carbon depleted with respect to carbon dioxide by about 2.7 percent in carbon-13 [56-58]. If the total amount of depleted carbon stored in the biosphere in the past has been different from what it is now, interpretation of 13C/12C variations in tree rings as caused solely by temperature changes will reflect an error. 

Thus the enrichment correction depends on the numerical value of 0.027 depletion of carbon-13 in plants, which in turn depends on the temperature at which the bio-organic material grew. The temperature coefficient for 13C/12C in marine plankton has been measured as 0.35 ppt/°C [59] and independently as 0.5 ppt/°C [60]. In the absence of more measurements we may assume it to be the larger of the two experimental values, namely... 

First demonstrated by David Avnir in 1984, the principle is as simple as it is potent. Due to the low temperature needed for the preparation of sol-gel matrices, almost all of the 18 million existing organic and bio organic molecules that could not be doped in glass, because glass is prepared at elevated temperatures (about 1000 °C), can now be entrapped in sol-gel glasses. 

Bender, M.L., Bergeron, R.J. and Komiyama, M. The Bio Organic Chemistry of Enzymatic Catalysis, John Wiley, New York (1984). 

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