Bio macromolecule

High-resolution observation of dynamics of bio-macromolecules in cells and bio-organisms atomic or molecular level, regional or focused observation, three-dimensional analysis ... 

Exhaustive and quantitative determination of bio-macromolecules, genes or metals etc. in a single cell ... 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is, next to X-ray diffraction, the most important method to elucidate molecular structures of small molecules up to large bio macromolecules. It is used as a routine method in every chemical laboratory and it is not the aim of this article to give a comprehensive review about NMR in structural analysis. We will concentrate here on liquid-state applications with respect to drugs or drug-like molecules to emphasize techniques for conformational analysis including recent developments in the field. 

Thus, the organoclay armoured-proteins should have diverse applications in areas such as biosensing, biocatalysis and bioelectronics. Moreover, the experimental procedure is extremely facile and could, in principle, be applied to many types of biomolecules, including bio-macromolecules such as DNA. 

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Theoretical models of bio-macromolecules are concerned with the development of efficient drugs, the mechanisms of signal transduction, and gene regulation by transcription factors. All these phenomena have in common the capital role played by intermolecular interactions between tlie partners and their ability to recognize patterns. The current developments in structural genomics are, however, continuously... 

The mysterious behaviour of bio-macromolecules is one of the outstanding problems of molecular biology. The folding of proteins and the replication of DNA transcend all classical mechanisms. At this stage, non-local interaction within such holistic molecules appears as the only reasonable explanation of these phenomena. It is important to note that, whereas proteins are made up of many partially holistic amino-acid units, DNA consists of essentially two complementary strands. Nonlocal interaction in DNA is therefore seen as more prominent, than for proteins. Non-local effects in proteins are sufficient to ensure concerted response to the polarity and pH of suspension media, and hence to direct tertiary folding. The induced fit of substrates to catalytic enzymes could be promoted in the same way. Future analysis of enzyme catalysis, allosteric effects and protein folding should therefore be, more ambitiously, based on an understanding of molecular shape as a quantum potential response. The function of DNA depends even more critically on non-local effects. 

However, the most important contribution of chemical biology is in the area of generating drug-like molecules. This can simply be summarized by finding better compounds faster . Compounds that are not only high affinity binders of bio-macromolecules but compounds that can also be optimized into drugs with reasonable effort. 

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