BINOL-lanthanum

Nef reaction. Optically active /3-hydroxy nitroalkanes are obtained in the condensation of nitromethane with aldehydes using a BINOL-lanthanum complex as catalyst. 

Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Nitroaldols Using a Lanthanum-Lithium-BINOL Complex. 

Scheme 12.17 Synthesis of silica(PMS)-tethered lanthanum (R)-BINOL complexes.

The catalytic activity of a lanthanum (R)-BINOL complex tethered either on silica (62a) or MCM-41 (62b) was evaluated for the enantioselective nitroaldol reaction of cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde (Se), hexanal (Sf), iso-butyraldehyde (Sg) and hydro-cinnamaldehyde (Sh) with nitromethane inTHF (Scheme 12.22) [166]. The silica-anchored lanthanum catalyst 62a gave 55-76% e.e. and yields up to 87%, while the PMS-immobilized catalyst 62b revealed slightly higher e.e.s (57-84%) for the same aldehydes. The homogeneous counterparts showed similar catalytic performance, albeit within a shorter reaction time. The increased enantioselectivity observed for the MCM-41 hybrid catalyst 62b was explained by transformations inside the channels, which is also reflected by lower yields due to hindered diffusion. The recyclability of the immobilized catalysts 62b was checked with hydrocin-namaldehyde (Ph). It was found that the reused catalyst gave nearly the same enantioselectivities after the fourth catalytic run, although the time period for achieving similar conversion increased from initially 30 to 42 h. 

Shibasaki made several improvements in the asymmetric Michael addition reaction using the previously developed BINOL-based (R)-ALB, (R)-6, and (R)-LPB, (R)-7 [1]. The former is prepared from (R)-BINOL, diisobutylaluminum hydride, and butyllithium, while the latter is from (R)-BINOL, La(Oz -Pr)3, and potassium f-butoxide. Only 0.1 mol % of (R)-6 and 0.09 mol % of potassium f-butoxide were needed to catalyze the addition of dimethyl malonate to 2-cy-clohexenone on a kilogram scale in >99% ee, when 4-A molecular sieves were added [15,16]. (R)-6 in the presence of sodium f-butoxide catalyzes the asymmetric 1,4-addition of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reagent [17]. (R)-7 catalyzes the addition of nitromethane to chalcone [18]. Feringa prepared another aluminum complex from BINOL and lithium aluminum hydride and used this in the addition of nitroacetate to methyl vinyl ketone [19]. Later, Shibasaki developed a linked lanthanum reagent (R,R)-8 for the same asymmetric addition, in which two BINOLs were connected at the 3-positions with a 2-oxapropylene... 

This idea was realized very successfully by Shibasaki and Sasai in their heterobimetallic chiral catalysts [17], Two representative well-defined catalysts. LSB 9 (Lanthanum/Sodium/BINOL complex) and ALB 10 (Aluminum/Lithium/BINOL complex), are shown in Figure 8D.2, whose structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In these catalysts, the alkali metal (Na, Li, or K)-naphthoxide works as a Br0nsted base and lanthanum or aluminum works as a Lewis acid. 

Asymmetric amplification has also been observed in lanthanum-catalyzed nitro-aldol reaction, Shibasaki used a chiral lanthanum complex 15 prepared from LaCl3 and dilithium alkoxide of chiral BINOL for the enantioselective aldol reaction between naphthoxyacetaldehyde 14 and nitromethane (Scheme 9.11) [26]. When chiral catalyst 15 was prepared from BINOL with 56% ee, the corresponding aldol adduct 16 with 68% ee was obtained. This result indicates that the lanthanum 15 complex should exist as oligomer(s). 

This type of chiral lanthanum catalyst was found to be applicable for epoxidation of a range of enone substrates. Thus 35 was converted to 36 with 86% ee and in 93% yield, and 37 was transformed to 38 with 85% ee in 85% yield (Table 2, entries 1,4, and 6). The enantioselectivity of the asymmetric epoxidations could be substantially improved by the use of (/ )-3-hydroxymethyl-BINOL (32) instead of 17 (Table 2, entries 2, 3, 5, and 7). Namely, 34, 36, and 38 were obtained in excellent yields with 91, 94, and 83% ee, respectively. 

LDI-TOF mass spectral analysis of 49 revealed that the structure was a heterobimetallic complex consisting of one lanthanum, three lithiums, and three BINOL moieties.24 The relevant spectra are shown in Figure 10. LDI-TOF mass... 

Finally, a fascinating development in the field of lanthanum-BINOL complexes remains to be mentioned [25]. These compounds so far have proved to catalyze enantioselectively hydrophos-phonylations of imines [26], nitroaldol reactions [27], Michael additions [28] and cpoxidations of... 

The hypothesis that the structure of these catalysts is not always in accordance with a monomeric structure has been expressed for both the titanium-BINOL complexes [30] and the corresponding lanthanum species. In the latter case, this hypothesis has been corroborated impres-... 

Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan Lanthanum(III)-Lithium-BINOL Complex [(/f)-LLB and (5)-LLB]... 

A bimetallic catalyst prepared from BINOL and lithium aluminum hydride has been found to result in useful asymmetric induction in the Pudovik reaction [17]. The (f )-ALB catalyst 64 (10 mol %) facilitates the addition of dimethyl phosphite to a variety of electron-rich and electron-poor aryl aldehydes in high yield with induction in the range 71-90 % ee. The nature of the solvent is important in this reaction—the induction for addition to benzaldehyde dropped from 85 % ee to 65 % ee when the solvent was changed from toluene to dichloromethane. Aluminum seems to be a key to the success of this reaction, because reaction with benzaldehyde was not as successful with other bimetallic catalysts. BINOL catalysts with lanthanum and potassium gave only 2 % ee, a catalyst with lanthanum and sodium gave a low 32 % ee, and a catalyst with lanthanum and lithium gave only a 28 % ee [18]. Aliphatic aldehydes were not successfully hydrophosphonylated with dimethyl phosphite by catalyst 64 (Sch. 9). Induction was low (3-24 % ee) for unbranched and branched substrates. a,/3-Unsaturated aldehydes were, however, reported to work nearly as well as aryl aldehydes with four examples in the range 55-89 % ee. The failure of aliphatic aldehydes with this catalyst can be overcome by reduction of the product obtained from reactions with a,)3-unsaturated aldehydes. As illustrated by the reduction of 67 with palladium on carbon, this can be done without epimerization of the a-hydroxy phos-phonate. 

The first chiral aluminum catalyst for effecting asymmetric Michael addition reactions was reported by Shibasaki and coworkers in 1986 [82], The catalyst was prepared by addition of two equivalents of (i )-BINOL to lithium aluminum hydride which gave the heterobimetallic complex 394. The structure of 394 was supported by X-ray structure analysis of its complex with cyclohexenone in which it was found that the carbonyl oxygen of the enone is coordinated to the lithium. This catalyst was found to result in excellent induction in the Michael addition of malonic esters to cyclic enones, as indicated in Sch. 51. It had previously been reported that a heterobimetallic catalyst prepared from (i )-BINOL and sodium and lanthanum was also effective in similar Michael additions [83-85]. Although the LaNaBINOL catalyst was faster, the LiAlBINOL catalyst 394 (ALB) led to higher asymmetric induction. 

For example, an effective procedure for the synthesis of LLB (where LL = lanthanum and lithium) is treatment of LaCls 7H2O with 2.7 mol equiv. BINOL dilithium salt, and NaO-t-Bu (0.3 mol equiv.) in THF at 50 °C for 50 h. Another efficient procedure for the preparation of LLB starts from La(0-/-Pr)3 [54], the exposure of which to 3 mol equiv. BINOL in THF is followed by addition of butyllithium (3 mol equiv.) at 0 C. It is worthy of note that heterobimetallic asymmetric complexes which include LLB are stable in organic solvents such as THF, CH2CI2 and toluene which contain small amounts of water, and are also insensitive to oxygen. These heterobimetallic complexes can, by choice of suitable rare earth and alkali metals, be used to promote a variety of efficient asymmetric reactions, for example nitroaldol, aldol, Michael, nitro-Mannich-type, hydrophosphonylation, hydrophosphination, protonation and Diels-Alder reactions. A catalytic asymmetric nitroaldol reaction, a direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction, and a catalytic asymmetric nitro-Mannich-type reaction are discussed in detail below. 

It was proposed that a Lewis acid lanthanum center controls the direction of the carbonyl function and activates the enone while the sodium alkoxide forms enolate intermediates and regenerates the catalyst by hydrogen abstraction (Scheme 6). Other Ln/alkali metal combinations, including La/Li, show negligible asymmetric induction, yet give almost racemic products in excellent yield. In contrast, alkali-metal free BINOL ester enolate complexes catalyze Michael reactions with high enantioselectivities, albeit at lower temperatures. 

ASYMMETRIC NITROALDOL REACTION USING LANTHANUM-LITHIUM-BINOL DERIVATIVE COMPLEX AS A CATALYST... 

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