Valency binding

Masuho, Y., Kishida, K., Saito, M., Umemoto, N., and Hara, T. (1982) Importance of the antigen-binding valency and the nature of the cross-linking bond in ricin A-chain conjugates with antibody. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 91, 1583. 

There is evidence that some antibodies neutralize in a manner not easily explained by the previous mechanisms. For example, it has been shovm that antibodies to Sindbis virus [8, 9] and poliovirus [10, 11] can eliminate infection or progression of infection even when added to cells hours after infection. In the case of Sindbis virus, the exact mechanism of this viral clearance is unknovm, but appears to be related to antibody cross-linking [9]. Similarly, the postadsorption neutralization properties of at least some of the antibodies to poliovirus appeared to be related to binding valency as well [11]. Therefore, antibodies, or antibodies interacting with viral components, may be triggering some unknown defensive mechanism within the infected cell. 

An important question concerning ligand binding valency centers on the oligomeric state of the CI-MPR. It is clear that the receptor does not exist as a disulfide-bonded higher order complex and, when solubilized in detergent, the receptor is a monomer [9]. However, chemical cross-linking experiments [23] and gel filtration studies performed in the presence of a bound lysosomal enzyme [9] indicate a dimeric subunit composition. Thus, the receptor either ... 

Figure Al.3.23. Phase diagram of silicon in various polymorphs from an ab initio pseudopotential calculation [34], The volume is nonnalized to the experimental volume. The binding energy is the total electronic energy of the valence electrons. The slope of the dashed curve gives the pressure to transfomi silicon in the diamond structure to the p-Sn structure. Otlier polymorphs listed include face-centred cubic (fee), body-centred cubic (bee), simple hexagonal (sh), simple cubic (sc) and hexagonal close-packed (licp) structures.

XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Absorption of a photon by an atom, followed by the ejection of a core or valence electron with a characteristic binding energy. Composition, oxidation state, dispersion... 

Whereas the tight-binding approximation works well for certain types of solid, for other s. items it is often more useful to consider the valence electrons as free particles whose motion is modulated by the presence of the lattice. Our starting point here is the Schrodinger equation for a free particle in a one-dimensional, infinitely large box ... 

One of the cornerstones of the chemistry of carbon compounds (organic chemistry) is Kekule s concept, proposed in 1858, of the tetra-valence of carbon. It was independently proposed in the same year by Couper who, however, got little recognition (vide infra). Kekule realized that carbon can bind at the same time to not more than four other atoms or groups. It can, however, at the same time use one or more of its valences to form bonds to another carbon atom. In this way carbon can form chains or rings, as well as multiple-bonded compounds. 

An extended Huckel calculation is a simple means for modeling the valence orbitals based on the orbital overlaps and experimental electron affinities and ionization potentials. In some of the physics literature, this is referred to as a tight binding calculation. Orbital overlaps can be obtained from a simplified single STO representation based on the atomic radius. The advantage of extended Huckel calculations over Huckel calculations is that they model all the valence orbitals. 

Figure 8.19 X-ray photoelectron spectrum, showing core and valence electron ionization energies, of Cu, Pd, and a 60% Cu and 40% Pd alloy (face-centred cubic lattice). The binding energy is the ionization energy relative to the Fermi energy, isp, of Cu. (Reproduced, with permission, from Siegbahn, K., J. Electron Spectrosc., 5, 3, 1974)...

Its powerful oxidizing properties result from the tight binding of its valence sheU 7-orbital electrons. No commercial source is available. 

An important property of the surface behaviour of oxides which contain transition metal ions having a number of possible valencies can be revealed by X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy. The energy spectrum of tlrese electrons give a direct measure of the binding energies of the valence electrons on the metal ions, from which the charge state can be deduced (Gunarsekaran et al., 1994). 

---