Binding, liquid-solid extraction

Blasi et al. (2008) developed an experimental method for removing carbonyl compounds from wine. It used selective liquid-solid extraction, with phenylsulfonylhydrazine as a scavenging agent, bonded to a porous polymer support. The method was efficient for reducing the SO2 binding power of botrytized wines, without impairing their sensory qualities. 

In simple experiments, particulate silica-supported CSPs having various cin-chonan carbamate selectors immobilized to the surface were employed in an enantioselective liquid-solid batch extraction process for the enantioselective enrichment of the weak binding enantiomer of amino acid derivatives in the liquid phase (methanol-0.1M ammonium acetate buffer pH 6) and the stronger binding enantiomer in the solid phase [64]. For example, when a CSP with the 6>-9-(tcrt-butylcarbamoyl)-6 -neopentoxy-cinchonidine selector was employed at an about 10-fold molar excess as related to the DNB-Leu selectand which was dissolved as a racemate in the liquid phase specified earlier, an enantiomeric excess of 89% could be measured in the supernatant after a single extraction step (i.e., a single equilibration step). This corresponds to an enantioselectivity factor of 17.7 (a-value in HPLC amounted to 31.7). Such a batch extraction method could serve as enrichment technique in hybrid processes such as in combination with, for example, crystallization. In the presented study, it was however used for screening of the enantiomer separation power of a series of CSPs. 

Early assays for steroids involved liquid-hquid extraction (LEE) techniques, which are still widely used. However, the popularity of LEE has declined as more efficient techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SEE) have been introduced. In LEE techniques, the polarity of the steroids and their ability to bind to proteins are important aspects when selecting various solvents for their extraction from biological matrices. LEE is a nonselective procedure and nonsteroidal hpids are likely to be coextracted and interfere with the analysis. 

Liquid chromatographic clean up [441,443,450] has been used either in normal phase flow using alumina, silica, or florisil [22,189,403,481,484] or with reverse-phase (RP) columns [409,452,480]. In most cases these techniques are well established and are used in an off-line mode, primarily to remove the bulk of co-extracted materials prior to a more refined clean-up prior to the final determination. These columns may be prepared in the laboratory [22,403 -405] or commercial solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges can be used [409,452, 463,470,485,486]. In both cases, the normal phase cartridges and column materials are disposable since many of the polar co-extractants bind firmly to the substrate surface and are difficult to remove. This has been overcome to some... 

A pivotal step in the analytical process is sample preparation. Frequently liquid-liquid extractions (LLEs) are used. Solvents, pH, and multiple back extractions are all manipulated to increase selectivity and decrease unwanted contaminants before injection on the GC system. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is more convenient than it used to be because of an increase in commercially available SPE columns. SPE columns are packed with an inert material that binds the drug of interest, allowing impurities to pass through. As with LEE, solvent choices and pH affect retention and recovery. There are three commercially available types of SPE columns, diatomaceous earth (which uses the same principles as LLE), polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, and mixed mode bonded silica (Franke and de Zeeuw, 1998). 

Chromatographic methods are divided into two types according to how solute molecules bind to or interact with the stationary phase. Partition chromatography is the distribution of a solute between two liquid phases. This may involve direct extraction using two liquids, or it may use a liquid immobilized on a solid support as in the case of paper, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography. For partition chromatography, the stationary phase... 

Extraction to gas phase, liquid phase and solid phase can be used in the preparation of SVOC/POM samples. It is essential to estimate the recovery of each extraction step. One method is spiking the sample with known amounts of internal standards similar to the analytes. The problem of this method is that spiked standards may not bind to the matrix in the same way as the analytes. Another method is to find the method with the highest recovery of a number of methods. Probably a combination of the two methods will give the most reliable results. Finally, use of certified reference materials, if available, will be the best way to determine the total recovery. 

Besides choosing the appropriate Ab, the assay method can be designed or manipulated to improve assay specificity using (a) protein precipitation, (b) liquid/liquid or solid-phase extraction, (c) HPLC separation of the analyte from the interfering compounds, (d) sample dilution with buffer or control matrix, or (e) an affinity solid phase (e.g., antibody-coated microtiter plate or polystyrene beads) to capture the analyte followed by wash steps. Affinity-purified antibodies and protein blockers are used in EIA to decrease nonspecific binding in plate assays. Increasing incubation time to reach equilibrium also improves binding specificity. 

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