Binder based compounds

Synthetic resins, such as phenoHc and cresyUc resins (see Phenolic resins), are the most commonly used friction material binders, and are usually modified with drying oils, elastomer, cardanol [37330-39-5] an epoxy, phosphoms- or boron-based compounds, or even combinations of two. They ate prepared by the addition of the appropriate phenol and formaldehyde [50-00-0] in the presence of an acidic or basic catalyst. Polymerization takes place at elevated temperatures. Other resin systems are based on elastomers (see Elastomers, synthetic), drying oils, or combinations of the above or other polymers. 

In contrast to the pyrazole-urea-based compounds, the inhibitor class similar to SB203580 has been described as DFG-in binders [95], where the conformation of the DFG loop is similar to that observed in the crystal structures of apo form of p38 [96, 97]. SB203580 or SKF86002 as DFG-in ligands of p38 do not invoke additional peaks in the pH, 1,5N]-TROSY spectrum of 15N-Phe-p38. The observed NMR data suggests that the reported DFG-in binders leave a putative conformational DFG in/out equilibrium in a time regime,... 

Lignin is part of the composition of natural polymers in variable proportions. The aromatic structure of the lignin can be used as source of several phenolic products, which may substitute petroleum-based compounds. Bio-based composites have gained prominence over the past two decades owing to both environmental concerns and waste disposal problems. Lignin-based biomaterials include carbon fibers, polymer modifiers, resin/adhesives/binders and others. 

A common form of dispersion used with antimony trioxide is that of small (1x3 mm) virtually dustless extruded strands, typically at an active level of 85-90 percent in a lubricant binder that promotes incorporation and may improve processing, possibly offsetting increased cost. This type of product is available from Chemtura it should be considered in cases where less than major quantities are used in high intensive mixers. An alternate is to use pelletized concentrates, usually of about 80 percent activity in an EVA binder. An appropriate use is via a proportioning meter in pellet extrusion, particularly in cases where a standard base compound is sometimes adjusted with antimony trioxide for a specific application. Such products are available, for example, from Rhein Chemie. 

---