Binary string

Suppose a state s is encoded as a binary string of 10 O s and 10 I s , s = 10101010..., While the number of raw bits defining s is huge, its algorithmic complexity is actually very small because it can be reproduced exactly by the following short program . On the other hand, a completely... 

When these new binary strings are translated back into real values so that we can check what has happened, the result is... 

We could apparently get around this difficulty by allowing changes to be made to not just one but every bit in the mutation of the 9-bit binary string, but this then again returns us to a situation in which we are, in essence, manipulating real numbers disguised in a binary cloak. 

To do this, the software must be aware of conditions within the reactor therefore, we shall arrange that it is fed with regular messages from a digital thermometer in contact with the fermenting medium. The thermometer, and any other probes in the vessel, send messages to the software in the form of binary strings, such as ... 

It might appear that to use a short binary string to represent a message from a sensor such as a temperature probe, which monitors a property that can vary continuously over a real-number range, is to throw information... 

Output messages have a format that is similar to input messages they are binary strings and are divided into an identifier and a data portion. We shall assume that any output message that starts with oi is an instruction to a heater in the reactor. The remaining digits in the message indicate the power to be supplied to the heater, as specified in Table 9.3. 

Since the genomes representing the DP are no more than four binary strings, it is possible to use a GA to search for a set of four chromosomes (a genome) for a DP, instead of handcrafting the chromosomes as had been done so far. 

Using the secret key, one reconstructs the binary string M, and the graph G with all the extra edges added as in the embedding process. 

A block diagram of our pattern recognition GA is shown in Fig. 3. Selected feature subsets are coded as binary strings called chromosomes. Each chromosome describes a unique set of features. A particular feature is present in a chromosome or binary string if the corresponding bit in the string is set to 1. The length of each chromosome is equal to the number of features in the data... 

Another set of early studies came from the work of Judson and coworkers [35, 36], which emphasized using GAs for search problems on small molecules and peptides, especially cyclic peptides. A dihedral angle representation was used for the peptides with values encoded as binary strings, and the energy function used the standard CHARMM force field. Mutations were implemented as bit flips and crossovers were introduced by a cut-and-paste of the strings. The small size of the system enabled a detailed investigation of the various parameters and policies chosen. In Ref. [37], a comparison between a GA and a direct search minimization was performed and showed the advantages and weaknesses of each method. As many concepts are shared between search problems on small peptides and complete proteins, these studies have contributed to subsequent attempts on full proteins. 

When, say, infrared or mass spectra can be reduced to binary strings indicating the presence or absence of peaks or other features, the Hamming distance metric is simple to implement. In such cases it provides a value of differing bits in the binary pattern and is equivalent to performing the exclusive-OR function between the vectors. The Hamming distance is a popular choice in spectral... 

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