Message output

It can be shown that the minimum term is always for i close to u + x, thus if the terms for this value of i are not below the criterion, the series expansion is abandoned, a message output on ERROR-OUTPUT-UNIT and the function aborted. 

The last equation shows that for DSB-SC, the effect of interference is additive to the message signal at the demodulator output. Moreover, the ratio of the peak message output to the interference output M/A is equal at both the input and the output of the receiver. 

One layer of input nodes and another of output nodes form the bookends to one or more layers of hidden nodes Signals flow from the input layer to the hidden nodes, where they are processed, and then on to the output nodes, which feed the response of the network out to the user. There are no recursive links in the network that could feed signals from a "later" node to an "earlier" one or return the output from a node to itself. Because the messages in this type of layered network move only in the forward direction when input data are processed, this is known as a feedforward network. 

The classifier system, which analyzes the input messages, creates messages for output, and places them on an output list. 

In this discussion, we assume that the environment is a physical entity, but other environments may be used. It could be a database, a stream of messages, or any object that can provide input to the classifier system, accept output from it, and pass judgment on the quality or value of that output. 

Read the output messages and use them to bring about change in the environment. 

The in every case is the generation of a message, so the processing of the input messages leads to zero or more output messages being created. These are placed on an output message list. 

Even for a small-scale problem, the classifier list may be long. This has the advantage that, since many classifiers may be able to generate output messages at one time, the system implicitly includes several different ways of responding to messages from the environment (in other words, it can incorporate several different hypotheses about how the environment behaves). This helps the CS to cope with uncertainty when there may be insufficient information on the input message list to determine precisely what state the environment is in. 

If the classifier condition and the input message match at every position, or if all conditions in a multiple condition classifier are matched by some combination of input messages, the classifier is said to be satisfied by the message(s), the action part of the classifier is triggered and it generates an output message. 

Output Messages Generated by a Small Group of Classifiers (see text)... 

Input message.... ..is matched by the classifier.... ..and generates the output... 

It is easy to see that multiaction classifiers could give rise to large numbers of output messages, so these are used sparingly. 

The order in which output messages are generated and placed on the output list is of no consequence, so the system can process information in parallel without worrying about whether one classifier should inspect the input list before another gets the chance. The number of messages posted to the output list is, in Example 1, equal to the number of classifiers, but in general the input and the output lists need not be equal in length either to each other or to the classifier list. 

Output messages have a format that is similar to input messages they are binary strings and are divided into an identifier and a data portion. We shall assume that any output message that starts with oi is an instruction to a heater in the reactor. The remaining digits in the message indicate the power to be supplied to the heater, as specified in Table 9.3. 

Thus, input message oom (interpreted as "the temperature is below Ttoo cou") would satisfy the classifier ooiii/oim. The classifier would output the message oim, which would be interpreted as "turn on the heater" (the oi part of the action) "to maximum power" (the m part). In this way, an input message that indicates a need for action has generated a suitable... 

Relationship between an Output Message and the Action Taken in the Environment... 

Each input message is compared with each classifier in turn. Once any triggered classifiers have created their output, the output message list is complete. 

This might suggest that a classifier that generates thousands of output messages is to be preferred over one that generates a more modest number, but we can see why this is unlikely to be true by considering the action of classifiers such as ... 

The condition part of these classifiers contains several symbols, so the classifiers will be satisfied by many input messages and, therefore, generate numerous output messages. 

Any classifier with more than one action part could post more than one output message per input message. 

Classifiers that are satisfied by an input message, therefore, are required to make a bid for the privilege of posting an output message. The bid is... 

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