Binary patterning

Take an image of size MxM Consider the image in DCT domain, where the Discrete Cosine Transform has been done using block size N/N. There is a secret key K and a secret watermarking signal w. The watermarking signal w = [nq,..., wt is t = bits binary pattern. 

Jurs, P. C., Kowalski, B. R., Isenhour, T. L., Reilley, C. N. Anal. Chem. 41, 1969b, 690-695. Computerized learning machines applied to chemical problems. Convergence rate and predictive ability of adaptive binary pattern classifiers. 

To explore the feasibility of such an approach for the design of active catalysts, we have systematically replaced the secondary structural elements in the homodimeric helical bundle chorismate mutase (Fig. 3.18) with binary-patterned units of random sequence. Genetic selection was then used to assess the catalytic capabilities of the proteins in the resulting libraries, providing quantitative information about the robustness of this particular protein scaffold and insight into the subtle interactions needed to form a functional active site [119]. 

Fig. 3.17. Amphiphilic secondary structures. By specifying the locations of polar (light gray) and nonpolar (dark gray) residues through simple binary patterns, amphiphilic helical or pi-sheet structures can be designed [154].

Fig. 3.18. Generation of large binary-patterned libraries ofAroQ chorismate mutase genes. (A) A two-stage strategy was adopted involving separate randomization and selection of functional variants ofthe HI (light gray) and H2/H3 helices (dark gray), followed by combination of functional binary-patterned segments from the initial libraries and reselection. In the final constructs, 80 % of the protein was randomized. (B) The...

When, say, infrared or mass spectra can be reduced to binary strings indicating the presence or absence of peaks or other features, the Hamming distance metric is simple to implement. In such cases it provides a value of differing bits in the binary pattern and is equivalent to performing the exclusive-OR function between the vectors. The Hamming distance is a popular choice in spectral... 

Kamtekar, S., Schiffer, J. M., Xiong, H. Y, Babik, J. M., and Hecht, M. H., Protein design by binary patterning of polar and nonpolar amino acids. Science 262,1680-1685 (1993). 

This fnnction simply restricts the calculation to those distances that actually occur in the molecnle. The condition (r = r p is calculated with a certain fuzziness or tolerance limit that is either determined by the resolution of the function or defined by the nser. Three types can be distingnished (1) distance patterns (2) frequency patterns and (3) binary patterns. 

Patterns and other characteristics of RDF descriptors that seem to indicate unique features are not easy to determine. However, compiled carefully they are helpful tools for a quick recognition of substructures. A pattern search algorithm based on binary pattern descriptors can then be used for substructure search. 

Although binary pattern descriptors exclusively contain information about the presence or absence of distances, frequency pattern descriptors additionally contain the frequency of distances. Frequency pattern descriptors are valuable for direct comparison of structural similarities. For instance, a substructure can be assumed to exist if the frequencies in a substructure pattern occur in the query descriptor. Bond patterns can be used in a similar pattern search approach to determine structural similarities. In this case bond-path RDF descriptors are used. 

RDE, distance pattern, binary pattern, simple pattern, MoRSE descriptor, and 2D... 

Descriptors based on pattern functions are helpful tools for a quick recognition of substructures. A pattern-search algorithm based on binary pattern descriptors can then be used for substructure search. However, patterns and other characteristics of descriptors that seem to indicate unique features should be investigated carefully. With these descriptors 3D similarity searches for complete structures or substructures in large databases are possible and computationally very efficient. In addition, descriptors can serve as the basis for a measure for the diversity of compounds in large data sets, a topic that is of high interest in combinatorial chemistry. 

RDF Binary Pattern is a simplified form of RDF frequency patterns that results in a binary vector defining the absence or presence of distances in a molecule. 

The LMA work of Jurs et al. 16-28) in the field of mass spectrometry is important in applying the computer to structure identification. This work demonstrates what can be learned by the machine via a set of pattern dichotomizers or binary pattern classifiers". The name binary pattern classifier comes from the fact that the pattern, in this case a mass spectrum, is placed in one of two categories. This name also implies that a classifier could, in fact, classify a pattern into one of many categories. 

For our purposes, a binary pattern classifier is a computer program which is used to give a true or a false output when presented with a given mass spectrum. Thus the following question could be answered by either true or false ... 

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