Bilberries anthocyanins

Anthocyanins might also improve eyesight. Thirty-six people were examined for their ability to adapt to the light and dark both before and after the oral administration of bilberry anthocyanins. For several hours after the administration of the anthocyanins, their eyesight was improved significantly, although the effect declined within 24 h [51]. 

Mauray, A. Felgines, C. Morand, C. Mazur, A. Scalbert, A. Milenkovic, D. 2010. Nutrigenomic analysis of the protective effects of bilberry anthocyanin-rich extract in apo E-deficient miee. Genes Nutr. 5 343-353. 

It could be suggested that such rapid detections in animals or humans might come from their absorption through the gastric wall. Gastric absorptions of blackberry anthocyanins (14 and 750 xmol/L), bilberry anthocyanins... 

Betz, M. Kulozik, U., Microencapsulation of bioactive bilberry anthocyanins by means of whey protein gels. 11th International Congress on Engineering and Food (Icefll) (2011) 1, 2047-2056. 

Petri, G., Krawczyk, U., Kery, A. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic investigation of bilberry anthocyanins for qualification purposes, Pharm. Hung. 64(4), 117-22,1994. 

Kropat C, Mueller D, Boettler U, et aL Modulation of Nrl2-def)endent gene trairscription by bilberry anthocyanins in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 57(3) 545-550. 

Zibema L, Lunder M, Moze S, Vanzo A, Tramer F, Passamonti S, Drevensek G (2010) Acute cardioprotective and cardiotoxic effects of bilberry anthocyanins in ischemia-reperfusion injury beyond concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 10 283-294... 

A biphasic solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether, -butanol, acetonitrile, and water (2 2 1 5) acidified with triflnoroacetic acid has been applied to fractionate anthocyanins. The npper (organic) phase acts as the stationary phase and the lower (aqneons) as the mobile phase. HSCCC has been applied to obtain several anthocyanin fractions from wine, red cabbage, black cnrrants, chokeber-ries, " bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) acylated anthocyanins, and also isolate individnal anthocyanins from wine. ... 

About 15 anthocyanins in bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) were reported by Ichiyanagi et al. using CZE separation and MS-NMR identification.Anthocyanin analysis of strawberry and elderberry extracts was performed by reverse HPLC at pH 1.8 and CZE using a standard silica capillary and pH 8.0 running buffer. Under these conditions, HPLC had more advantages than CZE in terms of anthocyanin separation in these extracts." ... 

Du, Q., Jerz, G., and Winterhalter, P., Isolation of two anthocyanin sambubiosides from bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) by high-speed counter-current chromatography, J. Chromatogr A, 1045, 59, 2004. 

Ichiyanagi, T. et al., Complete assignment of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) anthocyanins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis, Chem. Pharm. Bull, 52, 226, 2004. 

Jaakola L, Maatta K, Pirttila AM, Torronen R, Karenlampi S, Hohtola A. 2002. Expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in relation to anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, and flavonol levels during bilberry fruit development. Plant Physiol 130 729-739. 

Anthocyanins have been used as part of therapeutic herbal folklore medicines with the phy to chemicals, because actually, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in Europe has been used to improve menstruation. During World War II, bilberry was also used to enhance the night vision of UK pilots. 

One of the classic experiments on anthocyanins was conducted on hamsters in Italy. Ischemia-reperfusion was created in the cheeks by a brief clamping, causing the white cells to clump onto the capillary wall and damage it. The administration of the bilberry supplementation for several weeks after the reperfusion could restore the normal blood supply through the capillaries, reducing the sticking of white blood cells to the vessel walls, and the permeability [15]. 

Latti, A.K. Riihinen, K.R. Kainulainen, P.S. 2008. Analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild population of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finland. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56 190-196. 

Yue, X. Xu, Z. 2008. Changes of anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and antioxidant activity in bilberry extract during dry heating. J. Food Sci. 73 C494-C499. 

Zhang, Z. Kou, X. Fugal, K. Mclaughlin, J. 2004. Comparison of HPLC methods for determination of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in bilberry extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52 688-691. 

Cooke, D.N., Thomasset, S. Boocock, D.J. Schwarz, M. Winterhalter, P. Steward, W.P. Gescher, A.J. Marczylo, T.H. 2006. Development of analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtilus) anthocyanins in human plasma and urine J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 7009-7013. 

Fig. 19 Structures of main anthocyanin glycosides (60, 88-93) in blackberry and bilberry extracts...

Surprisingly, the absorption varied widely from 19 to 37%, depending on the individual anthocyanin structure in the bilberry extract. Delphinidin 3-0-arabinoside (91) showed the highest absorption rate (37%). 

---