Big science

Price. 1. de Solla J. (1963) Little Science. Big Science, Chapter 3. (Reprinted in (1986) Little Science. Big Science... and Beyond) (Columbia University Press, New York). 

Constructivist sociologists of science, more than historians, have entered where Foucault declined to tread, dealing not only with the "big science" of modem times but with the classical period of Robert Boyle and the early Royal Society. Bruno Latour, Steven Shapin, and Simon Schaffer have emphasized social and discursive strategies of coercion and persuasion, marshaled by scientific protagonists who mimic codes of behavior ordinarily associated with the battlefield or the salon.5 This is a sociology of confrontation and conquest that emphasizes the contingent personal and cultural forms that scientific discourse can assume. 

Nye, M. J. (1996). Before big science The pursuit of modem chemistry and physics 1800—1940. New York Twayne Publishers. 

I think Scalzi is largely correct. For example, I did publish a novel Spider Legs with the big science-fiction publisher TOR, but TOR published it because I had collaborated with science-fiction and fantasy superstar Piers Anthony, who has published over a hundred novels. When I attempted to publish my four books in my Neoreality series, none of the major publishers was interested, and so I had to publish the series with a small publisher. Happily, the books were immediately and favorably reviewed in Analog magazine, one of the premiere science-fiction... 

Hess, DJ. "Can Bacteria Cause CancerAlternative Medic me Confronts Big Science. New York University Press, New York, NY, 1997. 

M. J. Nye, Before Big Science The Pursuit of Modem Chemistry and Physics 1800-1940, Twayne Publishers, New York, 1996. 

Swann, Academic Scientists, chap. 3. On the OSRD see H. Dupree, The great instaura-tion of 1940 The organization of scientific research for war, in G. Holton (ed.), Twentieth Century Sciences Studies in the Biography of Ideas (New York, 1972). For an assessment of the overall impact of wartime government contracts on life science in the United States, see N. Rasmussen, Of small men , big science, and big business The second world war and biomedical research in America, submitted to Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 

To use such an instrument or, as Lavoisier needed to do in demonstrating the composition of water, to use two such instruments was to exhibit control, authority and virtual ownership of the field in which the instruments were used. No one else could afford to build gasometers like these. The results that Lavoisier in fact obtained using his gasometers were no better than what others soon obtained with much cheaper instruments but, as the most expensive pieces of chemical apparatus anyone had ever seen, they showed that chemistry was big science, a science with prestige to rival physics and, perhaps, even astronomy. 

J. J. Thomson, Cathode Rays, Philosophical Magazine 44 (1897) 293-316, reprinted in Mary Jo Nye, Before Big Science (New York Twayne, 1996), 162. 

Price, Derek J. de Soils. 1963. Little Science, Big Science. New York Columbia University Press. 

Nye, Mary Jo. Before Big Science. Prentice-Hall International, London. 1996. 

Weinberg, Alvin M. Reflections on Big Science. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, MA. 1967. 

For a specific discussion of the role journals play in the communication of scientific results, see Little Science, Big Science Columbia University Press New York, 1963 by Derek J. de Solla Price. A treatment of the issue in the broader context of science as a subset of the sociology of knowledge may be found in Robert K. Merton s The Sociology of Science University of Chicago Press Chicago, 1973. 

The clones have to be addressable the analytical methods must combine parallel processing and automatic sampling with sensitivity and speed. With such elaboration and scale, experimental biology might well become Big science". 1751... 

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